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EN
The issue of externalities generated by the foreign direct investments (FDI) is widely discussed in world literature. Alongside analyses of national economies of the host countries a great deal of attention is focused on the strategies of domestic companies that are confronted with the results of activities pursued by foreign investors. The article contains a synthetic examination of literature dwelling on external effects of FDI, mainly from the standpoint of domestic firms and organizations. The authors present the results of their empirical study, conducted in 2004, that was centered on the external effects of activities of foreign investors in Poland. During the study the attention was directed toward the strategies of domestic firms attempting to adjust their behavior to the conditions that result when foreign investors invade the Polish market.
EN
Everybody knows that the public health care system in Poland is in deep crisis. It requires deep structural reform but first of all change of principles of the health care financing. Citizens are used to pay for the health care services, and that this cost more in each year. It is worrying that majority of Poles realize in case of serious illness the cost of health care. In such a case, very often, cost are so big that people are unable to cover them from their running monthly budget. Only small part of society is aware of possibility to avoid necessity of spending more money than thay have in a short of time. Health care insurances are one of the tools which allow us to benefit from private health care and avoid high costs in case of serious illness. Predictions shows that in a few years commercial health care insurance will be more popular because of higher insurance awareness and deeper public health care system in Poland.
EN
The aim of the article is to determine how innovative the economies of the European Union countries are and to identify arguments for the role of innovation in overcoming the economic crisis in the member states. The methodology applied to achieve the defined goal includes a description of the presented problem and an analysis of the detailed phenomena. The performed disquisition resulted in the following conclusions. The issue of innovation acquires special significance for the development of the European Union at the time of the economic crisis. Favorable conditions for activities to increase the role of innovation in the economy at the time of a crisis are changes in the corporate strategies in the field of innovative activity, changes of the innovation character and decisions of the long-term investors. The results of the analysis let the authoress make a conclusion that the development of innovation may constitute an effective method of getting out of the economic crisis for the European Union countries, provided that their public sector creates mechanisms to support innovative activity, especially in small and medium sized companies.
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