The presented text is a voice in a discussion on the economic crisis affecting Polish territory during the Late Middle Ages. The author proposed a polemic with the theses contained in the chapter entitled The East and the West. European economy in the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries, published in: Polish Lands and the West. Studies on the Growth of Mediaeval Europe, edited by S. Gawlas. The hypothesis formulated by M. Dygo about a crisis of grain farming, animal husbandry and some of the crafts is based on an analysis of fifteenth-century prices. The author maintains that the present-day state of research makes it impossible to accept the suggested thesis. A comparison of fifteenth-century prices from Cracow, issued in 1935 by J. Pelc, contains fragmentary data, and all conclusions drawn upon this basis give rise to serious methodological doubts. Furthermore, studies dealing with the Polish economy during the Late Middle Ages (in contrast to the early modern era) were never part of a popular current of research, and our knowledge remains slight. In addition, during the past decades economic historiography has been experiencing a profound crisis of its own and has not offered new monographs which would entitle building justified hypotheses about the state of the late mediaeval economy as a whole. This is the reason why all theses validating or toppling the conception of an economic crisis in Polish lands during the twilight of the Middle Ages remain mere theoretical constructions.
Initially, a retirement age in the European countries was set very high. Then, until the times of the oil crisis in the 70's of the 20th century, the retirement age kept falling. However, after that crisis, there came a tendency to raise the retirement age
This chapter briefly outlines the definition and impact of organizational pathologies. The Author examines the causes and phenomena of pathologies and focuses on institutional-stakeholder perspective. During crisis the level of unethical activity like corruption, mobbing, bribery significant increases. Often, managers facing a situation with no alternatives reiterate organizational pathologies, although they are fully aware of the wrongfulness of their actions.
The COVID-19 crisis in Italy has brought to public attention the labour of almost one million migrant care workers (MCWs) who care for older Italian persons in their homes. Over the past three decades, the migrant-in-the-family model has become one of the main pillars of eldercare provision in Italy. The increase of this kind of care is analysed with a mixed-method approach, using official statistics, secondary literature, and expert interviews. The analysis integrates dynamics in the countries of origin and destination and focuses on Romanian MCWs as a case in point. The analysis highlights crises as catalysts for complex consequences and dynamics of transnational care migration, which play out at the levels of state, family, and individuals.
Pact for Stability and Growth was to be a reliable way to ensure public finances. It commits the Economic Union countries to presenting a monetary budget in the medium term. The idea is to achieve a situation close to a balance in the budget, even a surplus. The deterioration of the fiscal situation of the European Union countries, including the euro area countries, especially in recent times, forcing the introduction of changes to the existing rules of the Pact. Undoubtedly, the introduction of the changes proposed by the European Commission should impact positively on the change in the approach to the problems of excessive deficits and public debt to GDP for the euro area, as well as for the future members of this zone in connection with ongoing processes of European integration
During the last ten years the global economy recorded strong growth with only mild and short slowdown at the early 2000's and with the another slowdown in 2007-2008. This growth was driven by the high dynamics of global demand, in excess of production capacities, and led to increasing tensions and disequilibrium such as asset bubbles, external imbalances and, ultimately, inflationary pressures and a turbulence on financial markets in 2007-2008. There are disagreements among economists and policy makers about the causes and implications of global imbalances. A 'sustainability view' maintains that global financial markets provide a useful framework for a relatively smooth unwinding of global imbalances. A 'critical view' emphasizes an overshooting by financial markets and the need for policy responses to global imbalances. The article argues in favor of the latter view and maintains that it is important to consider these imbalances linked to other market failure - related risks to a sustainable growth of the global economy. Policy adjustments to global imbalances should be internationally coordinated. The effectiveness of policy responses to global imbalances will be enhanced if action is organized within the framework of a credible global financial institution.
This paper investigates the pattern of exiting unemployment in Slovakia during the period 2005 – 2009 using an alternative concept of unemployment represented by the self-perceived labour market status as measured by the EU-SILC dataset. In particular, we examine the effects on unemployment duration of the changes in labour regulations as captured by a major Labour Code reform in 2007. Applying standard statistical techniques to several inflow samples we find that after the new Labour Code came into effect in September 2007 the unemployed have, ceteris paribus, lower probability of exiting unemployment by almost 40%.
Generally, it is widely recognised that the Danish EU Presidency was pro-fessional and executed in the spirit of an honest broker.1 At the level of the officials involved, the Danish Presidency was viewed as well-organised and result-oriented. At the same time, the Danish Presidency in 2012 was in a way disadvantaged by the fact that there was not any single big issue to be solved, as was the case in its previous Presidency in 2002, when the forthcoming enlargement was the biggest issue. This situation was taken into account in the process of formatting the Presidency in a such way that it was defined as a low-ambition leadership insofar as Denmark’s own pri¬orities and the far-reaching goals of the Presidency were concerned. Some argue that nothing more was to be expected from a historically EU-sceptic small country. Instead of an ambitious agenda, a number of issues were brought forward to the EU decision-making process which were a logical follow-up of the EU agenda. At the same time the Presidency was visibly silent on EU external policies and was discernibly dis¬turbed at least twice: on the low carbon road map (unexpectedly vetoed by Poland) and on the Schengen Evaluation Mechanism, which led the Presidency into an unfore¬seen heated dispute with the European Parliament at the end of its term in office. Overall however, it is fair to say that the Danish Presidency eventually managed to fit the brand of an ‘honest broker’ or ‘bridge over troubled waters’ Presidency, with a touch of sustainability and green colour as its ‘brand’.
One of the major problems associated with the process of European integration is the issue of diversification of integration between the EU Member States. Initially, before the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, differences in integration between the members of the EC (EU) were relatively few and they were usually temporary in nature. The Schengen Agreement, the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Amsterdam, and the possibility of establishing enhanced co-operation meant that the problem was becoming more and more important in the functioning of the EU – both theoretically and in the practice. The main thesis of the article is that the economic and financial crisis, which has lasted in the EU for several years has strongly contributed to the deepening of disparities between the EU Member States. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of this crisis and the decisions made and actions taken in the context of the issue of diversity in the EU. Firstly, the paper deals with the legal basis of enhanced co-operation in the EU and examples of diversity in integration before 2010, and it presents two cases of establishing enhanced co-operation in the EU. Later, the article shows the actions and decisions taken by the EU Member States and the EU institutions in the context of the economic and debt crisis (such as the so-called ‘six pack’, the ‘fiscal pact’, and others). The summary contains the main conclusions.
The study focuses on the issue of revitalizing values that are coming to the fore in times of crisis in society during the difficult times accompanied by the plague epidemic. The focus of the research is The Song of the Plague Infection, which was printed in Trnava in 1759 and it is about the plague epidemic in the town of Místek in Moravia in 1710. It describes the situation of death and the crisis of spiritual values. The plague is seen as God’s punishment for the sins of the people. In this borderline near-death situation, people turn to Saint Rochus, the protector against the plague, for help. At the core of the song is a description of his pious life and acts of mercy, where the song appeals for a change in people’s behaviour. The song draws attention to the changes in spiritual values, in the intent of the Baroque period that should guide man on the path of faith.
The paper examines the connection between identity crisis and Charles Taylor's concept of strong evaluation. The latter is construed as one of the fundamental characteristics of human identity. It is argued that in the absence the ability of strong evaluation a specific form of identity crisis occurs. The main objective of the paper is to show the necessity of strong evaluation for 'healthy identity' and for human capability 'to cure' the identity already in crisis.
Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as the key to economic development. In spite of the crisis is here, more and more companies are established. The aim of this article is the answer the question: does this difficult situation trigger an entrepreneurial spirit, effectively discourage us from taking on new challenges and make us more creative? An important factor creating entrepreneurship in Poland, in times of crisis and economic slowdown is the availability of funds for economic activity. Currently, people who want to start a business in Poland may apply for funds from many sources. The multitude of available resources and growing competition for their acquisition encourage creative people to create their own place in economic reality.
This paper offers a specific analysis of speculation bubbles in the economic history of the world, and then tries to identify the causes and effects of the speculation bubble on the real estate market in the USA, which was the main cause of the subprime crisis. The first part of the paper aims at defining the phenomenon of economic fluctuations and speculation bubble and presenting the most popular theories of overinvestment, which emphasize the importance of speculation phenomenon. The next part of the article describes direct causes of subprime crisis. Special attention has been paid to the processes taking place on the real estate market in the USA in the past fifteen years. The final section of the paper is a synthesis of theorems by the economists of Austrian School and Hyman Minsky, and then confronting them with real processes in the US economy in recent years.
The paper presents the characteristics and process of the crisis in the European banking sector, paying particular attention to the consequences of the crisis in terms of profitability, liquidity and solvency. The banking crisis has affected mainly the banking systems of developed countries, to a lesser extent, have an impact on the situation of the Polish banking sector. Therefore, the aim of the article is to evaluate the changes in the position of the Polish banking sector relative to other banking sectors, particularly those from developed countries. Banking sectors of EU countries were analyzed in terms of growth, profitability (measured by ROA and ROE indicators) as well as for safety.
This study presents the possibilities of literature to counter the crisis in the Balkans in the 17th century. The analysis of the language material by the New Bulgarian damascenes proves that the authors use special anti-crisis language strategies. The peculiarities of the text about Second Coming of Christ and the text about the Ten Commandments of God in the field of vocabulary, but also in morphology, syntax, are presented. The changes in the vocabulary towards the archaic damascenes and the introduction of words from the spoken language are pointed out.
The article is about new views on the theory of “long waves” and especially from the point of view of technological progress importance of which is stressed. It developed a new conception of waves of technological innovations in a modern society (from 1600 AD). The last- 5th wave (based on a progress in informatics and telecommunications) is just coming to an end. Today economic crisis must be seen also as the crisis of the end of the cycle of innovations. It could be overcome by a new technological revolution (post-informational technological revolution) which could start about 2015.
The aim of this article is to try and identify the determinants underlying the strategic choices of Polish developers, as well as build up a picture of development strategies used by companies representing this sector in the periods of discontinuity caused by the economic crisis. It also tries to prove how important it is to identify the factors which stimulate the development of the housing sector as well as to take them promptly into consideration while building a company's strategy. The performance of development market in the face of the economic crisis is very difficult and the strategic choices of companies are very hard, too. Moreover, their courses of action in the changing economic environment do not always guarantee success. However, there still are some businesses on the market which can adapt their activity to the difficult situation and implement some effective development strategies.
The paper presents the role of corporate governance and state authorities in management company at the time of economic crisis. Affirm, that the influence of state in economy is very important, but can be not too small and also not too large. In the refer underlined meaning of large corporations and corporate governance, presented World’s economic data, the models of corporate governance in the World and role of stakeholders (also state) in management of company. The necessity of building of economic regulations and institutional economy were marked too, for assurance of economic stability.
The aim of the article is to summarize the changes, which occurred in the realm of employee education as a result of the latest financial crisis. Particular attention has been devoted to the situation of the employees with the greatest potential, so called 'talents'. The analysis concerns also the prognoses for 2010 and the following years as well as the directions of actions in this realm.
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