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Archeologia szachów. Przyczynek do badania zmian kulturowych dotyczących pozycji kobiet w średniowieczu, na przykładzie transformacji figury wezyra w królową

100%

Sołtysiak M.

Homo Ludens

2014

issue 1(6)

153-170

The popular set of chess pieces, seemingly fixed and eternal, does not reflect the look and character of the original version of this game. The first sets discovered in excavations did not contain the figures we know, such as the queen, bishops and knights. Instead, we had a vizier, elephants, chariots, and horsemen, and their cultural significance was different from that to which we are now used. It is worth considering how these changes came to pass and how we can show chronologically the transformation of chess symbolism, from a military game into a court one. The best example is the change of the strongest piece on the chessboard – the vizier – into the queen. Judging by archaeological and historical sources, this transformation took place at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries. It may have been influenced by a number of new cultural and also political trends, for chess was not only a game and entertainment, and in the stylistic transformations one can hardly see just an aesthetic change. A set of chess was also a prestigious item, and as such constituted an important symbolic element in the material culture. This article is an attempt to summarize the said transformation; moreover, it contributes to the discussion about the reflection of social, political and cultural changes in the Middle Ages in games.

Językowe wymiary tabloidyzacji — studium przypadku

100%

Kępa-Figura D.

Oblicza Komunikacji

2010

vol. 3

127-138

The paper discusses the dual nature of tabloidization, conceived not as a mere imitation of tabloids but as a process which consists in adjustment to the expectations of the reader, a process in which the crucial value is that of good reception and effectiveness (profitability) as its measurable effect. Thus, tabloidization does not only concern tabloids as such but is present in the transformations of the media as a whole, the transformations being an aspect of a larger process of the transformation of contemporary culture. Secondly, there are two dimensions of tabloidization: tabloidization of content (i.e. the selection of certain themes and topics only because they are interesting to the general public) and tabloidization of transfer (a change in the format of the newspapers and magazines, the increased importance of non-verbal coding, a higher frequency of occurrence of specific linguistic means). As an example, the paper analyzes a series of articles from a non-tabloid daily “Gazeta Wyborcza”, titled Brat Karol. Siostra Wanda, which appeared in June 2009 (as well as an introductory advertisement and an introductory article). Th e analysis reveals the process of tabloidization of transfer (more exactly of language), but also the tabloidization of content. The tabloidization of language is manifested through the use of linguistic means such that they result in an augmentation and increased directness of the reading, as well as in an easier reception of the text. Tabloidization is also manifested through an apparent flouting of conversational maxims and a loose treatment of the principle of cooperation, which leads to the creation of a communicative message containing a simplified and biased worldview. Being familiar and easily understandable, the worldview is attractive to the reader. In this way, reality is mythologized. The reader receives a text which does not only relate to the difficult relationship between Karol Wojtyła (as bishop and pope) and Wanda Półtawska. The text is also about a relationship between a man and a woman. The attractiveness of the publication does not result from it being yet another text about John Paul II, a national hero, but from the new roles assigned to the protagonists (Wanda’s role is that of a woman, Karol’s is that of a man). The acceptance of the roles leads to a direct and intense reception of the message, as well as to the emergence of author–reader kind of community. In effect, the text is an instance of the tabloidization of content, where the content is not provided in a straightforward manner but through tabloidization of transfer.

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Archeologia szachów. Przyczynek do badania zmian kulturowych dotyczących pozycji kobiet w średniowieczu, na przykładzie transformacji figury wezyra w królową

Językowe wymiary tabloidyzacji — studium przypadku