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EN
The aim of this article is to analyse how in the globalisation process small nations appear in danger of disappearing. Can law protect national identity when the state is in the European Union?Globalisation together with the economic interests of states touches other spheres of society: national internal policy, education, mass media, the policy of family, migration. The birth rate in families in such big nations as Germany, France, and Italy is small. If numerous Italians, French, Polish, and Russians are worried about the constantly decreasing number of their inhabitants, no doubt that small nations are in danger of assimilation.The European Union is an unprecedented formation of law: states retain their independence and at the same time people by their free will limit the sovereignty of a state. The 57th Article of the EU Constitution clearly states that "the Law of the Union is higher than the national [law]." It is as if the European States are united in the form of a federation, though the concept of a federation state cannot be applied strictly. The first condition for each new candidate state is to be a democratic and law-based state. The law-based state means legal elections, authorities elected by the people, separation of three state functions (legislative, executive and judicial), respect for human rights, protection of the rights of national and religious minorities. Good relations with neighbours are always appreciated. The new EU constitution contains 400 pages. The Constitutional Agreement or EU Constitution was approved by the Council of the European Union in June of 2004. Each state ratifies the Agreement. Some EU countries plan the referendums. The Parliament of Lithuania refused the referendum. It was planned that the Agreement will come into force in 2009. The Constitution of the EU requires that the National Governments of Member States will not interfere in implementing the aims of the Union. The 58th Article deals with loyalty to the Union. The institutions established by the EU work with human points of view and have a society model which is supported by the majority of the citizens.In this article an attempt will also be made to evaluate the role of Christianity and its values for the legal system of the EU as well as for preserving national identity.
PL
A person is responsible for the implementation of values and at the same time is responsible for treating himself/herself as a value. A human person is capable of self-determination, because s/he can act deliberately. Through self-reflection, a person can choose a course of action for himself/herself and assert “inner self” to the outside world through their choices. The person is also responsible to himself/herself for self-fulfillment. It’s the fulfillment of a person that leads to happiness, which consists in the realization of freedom by choosing the truth. It is associated with the relationship to other people and to God. In this article, the issue of religious education in the family, with special attention to Christian values, as the foundation of education has been presented. Firstly, the author highlights the most significant values in religious education, which is freedom of the person, love, responsibility, and then he shows the role of values in the transmission of content: salvation, Jesus Christ, the Church and Mary.
EN
Vladimir Maximov, one of the most outstanding representatives of the “third wave” of Russian emigration, the long-standing editor-in-chief of the famous “Continent” created a systemof values pertaining to the Christian concept of universalities in his prose pieces. Love features inthe very centre of those universalities. It also occupies a key place in Maximov«s system of values. Undoubtedly, it has a Christian dimension.
EN
Aim. The aim of the article is to identify opportunities for religious education in the field of promoting the values of sustainable development. By identifying key concepts, define options for future strategies in the implementation of sustainable development values in school teaching of religious education. Methods. The starting point is the analysis of the current religious education curriculum, which governs the teaching of religious education and is approved by both state and church authority. Based on the analysis, identify strengths and weaknesses and define potential areas within the curriculum where sustainability values can be applied. Results. The values of sustainable development and Christian values are based on a common anthropological platform, which is based on the dignity of the human person. Religious education should also be based on this platform. Conclusion. In order to apply the values of sustainable development, it is necessary to adjust the current curriculum in terms of content and scope of topics. At the same time, it is necessary to innovate in the way of training future teachers. The goal of innovations is the internalization of sustainability values within the value orientation of both teachers and students. Cognitive value. Christian values and the values of sustainable development are not in conflict. The content of the religious education curriculum has the potential to innovate its content to meet the current requirements of the United Nations (UN) agenda as well as the teachings of the Magisterium.
EN
In the following article analysis of vagabondism in Russia is being made, based on sources from literature, journalism and the Holy Father. The particular qualities of the Church, temporal powers, and common society members’ attitudes towards vagabondism are being viewed. The periods of the romanticizing of vagabondism in the history of Russia are being described as well as periods when vagabondism was subjected to social exclusion. A gradual transition of the perception of vagabondism from the field of Christian traditional humility and mercy to a social field which inflicts responsibility for one’s behavior on the subject of vagabondism is explored. Methods and manners of charity for vagabonds and the poor are being viewed as well as the imperative measures and sanctions of the struggle against mendicity and vagabondism in various historical periods. The classifications of vagabonds, offered by Russian thinkers, are being researched since they allow us to distinguish between the needy and those who use the image of a vagabond for their own profit and who speculate on Christian feelings. Generally, the authors come to a conclusion that unlike Western Europe, where vagabondism was banned and where vagabonds were punished severely, the attitude towards vagabonds in pre-revolutionary Russia was based on the orthodox values and included humanity and mercifulness.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2019
|
vol. 62
|
issue 4
53-70
EN
The article is devoted to changes occurring in the axionormative sphere, which result is a change in the situation of the Church in society. It is often referred to as a crisis. The author presents the most important threads of the discussion, which has been going on for several decades in the environment of German theologians and sociologists. They identify the reasons for the weakening of the role of church institutions and point out the possibilities of remedying these problems. The situation of the Catholic Church in Germany is different than in Poland, but similar trends in social and cultural development, including changes taking place in the sphere of values, might lead to the Church of Poland facing similar issues in the future. Therefore, structural and pastoral changes may also be needed in the Polish Church, to increase the effectiveness of preaching the Gospel to modern man.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest przemianom następującym w sferze aksjonormatywnej, których skutkiem jest zmiana miejsca i roli Kościoła we współczesnym społeczeństwie, często określana mianem kryzysu. Autorka przedstawia najważniejsze wątki toczącej się od kilku dziesięcioleci w środowisku teologów i socjologów niemieckich dyskusji na temat możliwych przyczyn osłabienia społecznej pozycji instytucji Kościoła oraz sposobów radzenia sobie z tą sytuacją. Problemy Kościoła katolickiego w Niemczech są nieco inne niż w Polsce, jednak zbliżone kierunki przemian społeczno-kulturowych, w tym również tych zachodzących w sferze wartości, sprawiają, że Kościół w Polsce w przyszłości prawdopodobnie będzie musiał stawić czoła podobnym problemom. Potrzebne mogą okazać się pewne zmiany strukturalne oraz pastoralne, które mogłyby się przyczynić do wzrostu wiarygodności i skuteczności głoszenia Ewangelii współczesnemu człowiekowi.
PL
Arguments referring to natural law, (public) morality, religion or Christian values are very often put forward in debates on the existing or planned criminal law provisions criminalizing specific behavior. A prohibition on behavior contrary to the scriptures or the teaching of the Church on pain of criminal penalties encompasses not only abortion, but also euthanasia, (paid) surrogate motherhood, paid donation of organs for transplantation, sterilization, contraception, prostitution and bigamy. The arguments presented for the protection of Christian values are oftentimes correlated with the protection of human dignity. This article seeks to address the issue whether such a "pre-legislative" measure (reliance on the protection of Christian values) is a form of penal populism. Parliamentary and non-parliamentary discussions conducted during work on the particular provisions of the Criminal Code were form the basis for analysis, with particular emphasis placed on arguments in favor of criminalization of the aforementioned behavior. The findings were confronted with the concept of legal interest in criminal law and the concept of human dignity in the Polish legal system (and its place in repressive law). The said "religious values" and the need to protect them were subject to analysis conducted against this background and underpinned by the constitutional principle of proportionality of the limitation of human rights and freedoms. The operational tools were not only established definitions of populism, including penal populism, and a Weber’s ideal type, i.e. a set of empirically perceived properties of populist style and perspective, sometimes called "the populist syndrome." The ultimate objective of this article was to establish whether the cases under analysis involve religious populism or a rational decision on criminalization.   W toku debat nad istniejącymi lub projektowanymi przepisami prawa karnego, kryminalizującymi konkretne zachowania, niezmiernie często przywoływane są argumenty odwołujące się do prawa naturalnego, moralności (publicznej), religii czy wartości chrześcijańskich. Zabronienie pod groźbą kary zachowań sprzecznych z pismem świętym lub z nauczaniem Kościoła tyczy już nie tylko aborcji, ale też eutanazji, (odpłatnego) macierzyństwa zastępczego, odpłatnego dawstwa organów do transplantacji, sterylizacji, antykoncepcji, prostytucji, bigamii. Przywoływana przy tym argumentacja ochrony wartości chrześcijańskich jest często skorelowana z ochroną godności ludzkiej. W pracy podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy taki zabieg „prelegislacyjny” (powoływanie się na ochronę wartości chrześcijańskich) jest formą populizmu penalnego. Podstawą analizy stanowiłydyskusje (parlamentarne i pozaparlamentarne) toczone w trakcie prac nad konkretnymi przepisami kodeksu karnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem argumentacji na rzecz kryminalizacji przywołanych zachowań. Ustalenia te zostały skonfrontowane z jednej strony pojęciem dobra prawnego w prawie karnym, z drugiej – z pojęciem godności ludzkiej w polskim systemie prawa (i jego miejsca w prawie represyjnym). Na tym tle ulokowano tytułowe „wartości religijne” i potrzebę ich ochrony. Zaś fundamentem tych rozważań stała się konstytucyjna zasada proporcjonalności ograniczania praw i wolności człowieka. Narzędziami operacyjnymi były nie tylko wypracowane definicje populizmu, w tym populizmu penalnego, ale także pewien weberowski typ idealny, czyli zestaw empirycznie postrzegalnych właściwości stylu i perspektywy populistycznej, określany czasem mianem „syndromu populistycznego”. W ostateczności, sformułowana została odpowiedź na pytanie – czy w omawianych przypadkach mamy do czynienia z religijnym populizmem czy racjonalną decyzją kryminalizacyjną.
EN
Arguments referring to natural law, (public) morality, religion or Christian values are very often put forward in debates on the existing or planned criminal law provisions criminalizing specific behavior. A prohibition on behavior contrary to the scriptures or the teaching of the Church on pain of criminal penalties encompasses not only abortion, but also euthanasia, (paid) surrogate motherhood, paid donation of organs for transplantation, sterilization, contraception, prostitution and bigamy. The arguments presented for the protection of Christian values are oftentimes correlated with the protection of human dignity. This article seeks to address the issue whether such a "pre-legislative" measure (reliance on the protection of Christian values) is a form of penal populism. Parliamentary and non-parliamentary discussions conducted during work on the particular provisions of the Criminal Code were form the basis for analysis, with particular emphasis placed on arguments in favor of criminalization of the aforementioned behavior. The findings were confronted with the concept of legal interest in criminal law and the concept of human dignity in the Polish legal system (and its place in repressive law). The said "religious values" and the need to protect them were subject to analysis conducted against this background and underpinned by the constitutional principle of proportionality of the limitation of human rights and freedoms. The operational tools were not only established definitions of populism, including penal populism, and a Weber’s ideal type, i.e. a set of empirically perceived properties of populist style and perspective, sometimes called "the populist syndrome." The ultimate objective of this article was to establish whether the cases under analysis involve religious populism or a rational decision on criminalization.
PL
Wartości odgrywają ważną rolę w życiu każdego człowieka, przy czym ważną sprawą jest, jakie wartości człowiek przyjmuje oraz jaką ma ich hierarchię. W chrześcijaństwie u podstaw przyjmowania wartości leży zrozumienie ich treści oraz znaczenia dla integralnego rozwoju osobowego i tworzenia dobra wspólnego. Należy więc zwrócić szczególną uwagę, aby młode pokolenie świadomie przyjmowało wartości chrześcijańskie, ukazując ich walor i mądrość oraz korzyści indywidualne i społeczne z ich przyjęcia (akceptacji) i praktycznego wcielania wżycie. Młodość jest szczególnym okresem życia i należy zmierzać, aby ona świadomie akceptowała wartości chrześcijańskie, tłumacząc ich sens, wyjaśniając znaczenie i uzasadniając życiowym doświadczeniem. Ważne jest, aby młodzi ludzie samodzielnie uznawali ewangeliczne wartości, przyjmowali je i czynili z nich cząstkę swojej osobowości. Takie postępowanie ułatwi młodym ludziom przystosowanie społeczne do wartościowych społeczności i ochroni od niedostosowania społecznego.
XX
Values are important in everyone's life. It is equally important to choose one's values and build their hierarchy for personal growth. In the Christian optics, the motivation for the choice of values lies in understanding them and in recognizing their role in integral personal and social development. It is of utmost importance to make the youth consciously accept Christian values by revealing their merits for personal and social growth. It is important to show the merits of accepting the values and of their practical application in life. Youth is a period of life when Christian values should be promoted by explaining their sense and supporting it by real life experiences. It is vital that young people learn to recognize evangelical values on their own, accept them and make them inherent in their personality. This kind of approach can help young people become members of valuable communities, preventing their social maladjustement.
EN
The cultural-symbolic resources of trust in the political dialogue of Russia and the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe is analizing at the article. Political dialogue is seen as a multi-level systemic phenomenon, which includes all spheres of public life – economics, politics, social sphere and culture. Emphasizes the function of culture, which is in the formation of meaning and values related to the political dialogue. The author substantiates the thesis that the development of political dialogue between these countries can only occur within the space of trust of the parties to each other, which, in turn, is based on the actualization of the positive potential of collective memory, rooted in the cultural and symbolic space. The phenomenon of trust is explored through the prism of values and relationships between participants in political dialogue. Considered a categorical numer that is associated with the term “trust” means trust, confidence, coordination, cooperation, acceptance, understanding, intuition, feeling, reliability, readiness for reunification, the possibility to influence on the basis of shared values. It is emphasized that Russia and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe emerged in the context of the impact of Christian values that defined the development of all sectors of society, including politics, law, economy, social sphere and culture. The author focuses on combining the function of Christian values to Russia and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, this marked distinction of the foundations of stylistics of Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and even more of a Protestant type of thinking. Substantiates the idea that cultural and symbolic space, including the uniting for Russia and CEE meanings and values, much richer and more varied than the contradictory facts that are used in a global geopolitical game. The trust is considered as the basic and fundamental basis for political dialogue. Along with this, the article notes that the trust is formed in a situation of interpersonal interaction in the discourse of everyday contact with cultural and symbolic space of the countries-participants of dialogue. System component of trust in relations between the two countries is a space of shared values generated in the context of Christian culture. Christian culture has mechanisms of transport of religious values to social and political plane. In this regard, the phenomenon of trust in the political dialogue must be viewed through the prism of Christian values.
RU
В статье анализируются культурно-символические ресурсы доверия в политическом диалоге России и стран Центральной и Восточной Европы. Политический диалог рассматривается как многоуровневое системное явление, включающее все сферы общественной жизни – экономику, политику, социальную сферу и культуру. Подчёркивается особая функция культуры, которая заключается в формировании смыслового и ценностного отношения к политическому диалогу. Обосновывается тезис о том, что развитие политического диалога между этими странами может осуществляться исключительно в пространстве доверия сторон друг к другу, которое, в свою очередь, основывается на актуализации позитивного потенциала коллективной памяти, укоренённой в культурно-символическом пространстве. Феномен доверия исследуется через призму ценностных взаимоотношений участников политического диалога. Рассмотрен категориальный ряд, связанный с термином «доверие»: мера доверия, убеждённость, согласование, содружество, согласие, понимание, интуиция, предчувствие, надёжность, готовность к объединению, возможность оказывать влияние на осно- ве общих ценностей. Подчёркивается, что Россия и страны Центральной и Восточной Европы сформировались в контексте влияния христианских ценностей, которые определили развитие всех сфер жизни общества, в том числе, политики, права, экономики, социальной сферы и культуры. Автор делает акцент на объединяющей функции христианских ценностей для России и стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, при этом отмечается отличие основ стилистики католицизма и православия, а еще более – протестантского типамышления. Обосновывается положение о том, что культурно-символическое пространство, включающее объединяющие для России и стран ЦВЕ смыслы и ценности, гораздо богаче и разнообразнее, чем противоречивые факты, использующиеся в глобальной геополитической игре. При этом доверие рассматривается как базовое и фундаментальное основание политического диалога Наряду с этим, в статье отмечается, что доверие формируется в ситуации межличностного взаимодействия в дискурсе повседневного контакта с культурно-символическим пространством стран-участниц диалога. Системообразующим компонентом доверия в отношениях между странами является пространство общих ценностей, сформированных в контексте христианской культуры. Христианская культура обладает механизмами переноса религиозных ценностей в социальную и политическую плоскость. В связи с этим феномен доверия в политическом диалоге необходимо рассматривать через призму христианских ценностей.
EN
The Author explained the term of the law and the term of the values, especially Christian values. In the article, the Author distinguished two categories of the Christian values: 1) peculiar Christian values based on the theological grounds singling out religion and Christian ethic. The Church regulates the means of the achievement of these values with the assistance of the canon law; 2) universal ethical principles, which are basic human values, such as respect for the hierarchy of values, recognition that human being is in the first place in that hierarchy and recognition that the natural human dignity is a source of the fundamental rights and freedoms. The law of the European Union refers to the values. Politicians of the European Union have made the project of building the community called “European civil society”. Christians as the citizens of the European Union, should not be just passive observers while basic universal Christian values are disregarded. They should demand from politicians to respect the principle of the common good.
PL
Autor wyjaśnił pojęcie prawa oraz pojęcie wartości, zwłaszcza wartości chrześcijańskich. W artykule Autor wyróżnił dwie kategorie wartości chrześcijańskich: 1) swoiste wartości chrześcijańskie oparte na podstawach teologicznych wyodrębniających religię i etykę chrześcijańską. Kościół reguluje sposoby osiągania tych wartości przy pomocy prawa kanonicznego; 2) uniwersalne zasady etyczne, będące podstawowymi wartościami człowieka, takie jak poszanowanie hierarchii wartości, uznanie, że człowiek jest na pierwszym miejscu w tej hierarchii oraz uznanie, że naturalna godność człowieka jest źródłem podstawowych praw i wolności. Prawo Unii Europejskiej odwołuje się do wartości. Politycy Unii Europejskiej zrealizowali projekt budowy wspólnoty zwanej „europejskim społeczeństwem obywatelskim”. Chrześcijanie jako obywatele Unii Europejskiej nie powinni być jedynie biernymi obserwatorami lekceważenia podstawowych uniwersalnych wartości chrześcijańskich. Powinni domagać się od polityków respektowania zasady dobra wspólnego.
EN
Abstract The article presents the results of pilot studies which were performed among parents living in the town of Biała Podlaska and in Biała Podlaska district. Material and methods Method - diagnostic survey Results The results indicated differences in values preferred by the surveyed parents. It was observed that relating to Christian values depended on performed life roles which were to large extent determined by the tradition and social identity in which parents had been brought up. Conclusions The results of this research showed that introducing a child to the world of Christian values depended particularly on parents and the family environment. It also turned out that in this process parents looked primarily to educational establishments to get support. In the majority of cases, parents positively evaluated the cooperation with these institutions regarding the performance of a child-rearing function.
PL
Streszczenie W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań, które przeprowadzono wśród rodziców zamieszkałych w na terenie miasta Biała Podlaska i w Powiecie Bialskim. Materiał i metody Badania o charakterze diagnostycznym przeprowadzono w 6 wybranych przedszkolach samorządowych na terenie miasta Biała Podlaska i Powiatu Bialskiego w woj. lubelskim. Metody badań ilościowe - sondaż diagnostyczny. Narzędzie badawcze - kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa. Wyniki Zaobserwowano różnice w preferowanych wartościach wśród badanej grupy rodziców. Wnioski Rodzice, do wartości o priorytetowym znaczeniu zaliczają te, które determinują ich życie w rodzinie. Zaliczają do nich szczególnie miłość do potomstwa, szczęście w rodzinie, zdrowie. Proces wprowadzenia w wartości chrześcijańskie jest dla rodziców szczególnie ważny na etapie rytu, czyli ustanowionych i powszechnie przyjętych obrzędów religijnych. Przedszkole/szkoła w opinii badanych jest ważną instytucją społeczną wspomagającą wysiłki rodziców w wychowywaniu dzieci zgodnie z wartościami chrześcijańskimi.
EN
Natural law in Europe has always been and will always remain a foundation. Reality and the natural order of things exists objectively, regardless of whether the minority or the majority will question it, regardless of whether we accept it or fight it. On the other hand, it is also a forgotten fact, or even more, it is a strongly contested fact – it is first and foremost forgotten that our culture was built on Christian foundations. The answer to this state of affairs can be only one – simple courage and telling straight what we think, what we live and in what we have been growing over the centuries.
PL
Prawo naturalne w Europie zawsze było i zawsze pozostanie fundamentem. Rzeczywistość i naturalny porządek rzeczy istnieją obiektywnie, niezależnie od tego, czy mniejszość lub większość będzie ją kwestionować, niezależnie od tego, czy ją akceptujemy, czy zwalczamy. Z drugiej strony jest to również zapomniany fakt, a nawet więcej, jest to mocno kontrowersyjny fakt – zapomina się przede wszystkim, że nasza kultura została zbudowana na chrześcijańskich fundamentach. Odpowiedź na ten stan rzeczy może być tylko jedna – prosta odwaga i mówienie jednoznacznie, co myślimy, czym żyjemy i na czym wzrastaliśmy przez wieki.
EN
The article discusses the problem of the relations between culture and law in a modern pluralistic society, where exist the significant ideological differences in perception of the fundamental human values. The positive law should serve the attainment of these values. At the beginning the Author takes a personalistic stance on a culture expressed at the Second Vatican Council, that “man comes to a true and full humanity only through culture, that is through the cultivation of the goods and values of nature” (Gaudium et spes, n. 53). In order to get answer to the above question – in Author’s opinion – the following problems should be considered: what is law, what are values, in particular, what are the Christian values and what is their relation towards the positive law provided by the State bodies. In conclusion, the Author indicated a dramatic cultural conflict in the legal systems of the Member State of the European Union, as a consequence of forcing by the positive law established by the bodies of the European Union the patterns of behavior, which are contrary to the Christian system of the universal ethical values, rooted in the Christian culture of the European nations.
Kościół i Prawo
|
2023
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
95-115
PL
Społeczeństwo obywatelskie przeżywa nową fazę sekularyzacji. Autorka opisuje w artykule następujące zagadnienia: 1) świat cyfrowy jako efekt epokowych zmian, których nie da się oddzielić od systemu wartości; 2) świat cyfrowy jako miejsce nowej relacji Kościoła ze społeczeństwem obywatelskim; 3) poszukiwanie nowych zasad współistnienia w wykorzystaniu narzędzi cyfrowych; 4) wymiar prawny komunikacji cyfrowej.
EN
The civil society is experiencing a new phase of secularisation. The Author describes in the article the following issues: 1) the digital world is the result of epochal changes, which cannot be separated from a system of values; 2) the digital world as the site of a new relationship between Church and civil society; 3) the search for new rules of coexistence in the use of digital tools; 4) the legal dimension of digital communication.
EN
The essence of education is to show what is valuable, and the message of educational environment should be common, clear and consistent. For shaping student's personality properly, such message should flown from the first basic, natural educational environment which is in the family home, and is created mainly by parents, but siblings and other relatives also contribute to creating it. Upbringing should be related to a paragon. Such a paragon gives human values, and even more Christian values accepting laws of nature which illuminate the Revelation of God. Home education creates favourable conditions to let integral development of a person take place based on values related to home. It gives a great opportunity, but it is also a challenge not only for those interested in such a form of family education but also for the society and the state.
PL
Istotą wychowania jest ukazanie tego, co wartościowe, a przekaz środowiska wychowawczego na temat wartości powinien być wspólny, klarowny i konsekwentny. Dla prawidłowego ukształtowania osobowości wychowanka, taki przekaz powinien płynąć z pierwszego, podstawowego, naturalnego środowiska wychowawczego, które funkcjonuje w domu rodzinnym, a tworzą je przede wszystkim rodzice, ale też rodzeństwo i dalsza rodzina. Wychowanie powinno mieć odniesienie do solidnego wzorca. Taki wzorzec dają wartości ogólnoludzkie, a w jeszcze większym stopniu wartości chrześcijańskie, akceptujące prawa natury, które rozświetla Objawienie Boże. Dogodne warunki do tego, by mógł dokonywać się integralny rozwój osoby w oparciu o wartości związane z domem, stwarza edukacja domowa. Daje ona dużą szansę, ale jest również wyzwaniem dla zainteresowanych taką formą kształcenia rodzin, jak również społeczeństwa i państwa.
PL
W artykule omówiono warunki i czynniki tworzenia dyskursu ontologicznego i estetycznego w twórczości znanego białoruskiego poety w Polsce Jana Czykwina. Uzasadniono pytanie o status bohatera lirycznego jako reakcja polemiczna na niedoskonałości i agresję dyskursu oficjalnego. Zwrócono uwagę, że skala analizy wymaga włączenia tekstów innych przedstawicieli poezji filozoficznej, co zapewni szeroką refleksję nad zjawiskiem i wyjaśnienie specyfiki strategii estetycznej stosowanej przez autora pogranicza polsko-białoruskiego.
EN
In the article conditions and factors of onthological and aesthetic discourse in the works of a well-known modern Belarusian poet in Poland Ian Czykwin are analyzed. The author validates the question concerning the status of the lyrical hero as a polemical answer to limitations and aggressiveness of an official discourse. She also emphasizes that a discoursive broad-range analysis requires texts written by other representatives of philosophical poetry, which guarantees reflections on the phenomenon and explanations of the specific features of aesthetic strategies used by the author of the Polish-Belarusian border.
EN
Poland is an example of a national and ethnic structure which is inextricably linked with religion. Religion ought to be perceived as a multi-faceted phenomenon for it permeates all structures of the society. It exerts a profound influence on the functioning of families, local communities, the system of education, as well as on professional and other types of associations. Poland and its history constitute an excellent point of reference in that matter, for it has undergone a long and complex process of transformation from the country of multiculturalism to that of homogeneity. National and religious homogeneity was a rather short -lived experience because it was the outcome of the change of the country borders and expulsions of World War II. In the People’s Republic of Poland any manifestation of identity or difference was received with hostility. Depending on the area of social life, various degrees of repressive policies were implemented, and national and religious minorities became one of the targets of such politics. It can be argued that it exerted a particularly strong influence on the German minority, no longer able to cultivate its cultural and ethnic identity. The situation did not change until the socio -political transformation of 1989. It was then that a service in the German language was celebrated for the first time since the end of war. The place of celebration was no less significant - it was the Annaberg, a place which both Poles and Germans hold sacred.
RU
Дзедушицки не только диагностировал современное ему состояние западной цивилизации, но также указывал на возможность и способ преодоления сложившегося кризиса. Он считал, что такую возможность даёт реализация в общественной и частной жизни традиционных христианских принципов, заключающаяся в том, что во всех поступках следует руководствоваться обозначенными в христианской религии ценностями. Указание путей выхода европейской цивилизации из кризисного состояния, подкрепленное личной убеждённостью в их эффективности, определяет то, что, несмотря на пессимистический диагноз, видение Дзедушицким истории следует считать отмеченным историософским оптимизмом.
EN
Dzieduszycki diagnosed the state of Western civilization at that time, but first and foremost indicated the possibility and the method of overcoming the crisis. In his opinion, the return to traditional Christian principles in social and individual life and strict following the values set by the Christian religion in all human activities ensure such a possibility. Despite the pessimistic diagnosis, indication of the ways out of the then crisis of the European civilization contemporary to him and the personal conviction of their effectiveness, make Dzieduszycki’s vision of history characterised by historiosophic optimism.
IT
Nei testi dei discorsi pubblici di Aleksander Jełowicki, in particolare quelli associati alla sua pratica di predicazione, si fa notare il frequente riferimento all’idea del cavalierato cristiano. I cavalieri cristiani, nel contesto discorsivo del Resurrezionalista, sono i difensori della patria che hanno combattuto nel corso della storia, così come tutti coloro che hanno preso parte alle rivolte nazionali, e che spesso sono stati costretti ad emigrare. In termini allegorici, la stessa Polonia viene evocata come il cavaliere che si batte per i valori cristiani, distinguendosi nell’atteggiamento contro lo sfondo delle società degradanti dell’Occidente. La lunga durata del modello individuale sviluppato dopo il Concilio di Trento, descritto come miles christianus, è stata quindi inserita da Jełowicki nella corrente di formazione delle aspirazioni nazionali, caratteristica del XIX secolo. L’aspetto morale e religioso di tali aspirazioni era quello di identificarsi con i valori rappresentati dalla Chiesa cattolica, il cui rispetto, secondo il predicatore, garantiva il ripristino dell’indipendenza. Così, l’idea del cavalierato cristiano risultava complementare alla visione di uno Stato e di una nazione fortemente legati ai modelli biblici, che, inoltre, caratterizzavano la spiritualità della congregazione. Si trattava essenzialmente dell’impegno per la resurrezione personale in unione con Gesù, il quale fu anche il modello per la patria sofferente. I testi di Jełowiecki, in ultima analisi, esemplificano un tipo particolare di militarizzazione della spiritualità e della religiosità polacca, una testimonianza che è riconoscibile anche nella Chiesa cattolica contemporanea in Polonia.
EN
In the texts of Aleksander Jełowicki’s public speeches, in particular those associated with his preaching practice, attention is drawn to the frequent reference to the idea of Christian chivalry. Christian knights, in the discourse of the Resurrectionist, are the defenders of the homeland who have been fighting throughout history, as well as all those who took part in national uprisings, who were often forced to emigrate. In allegorical terms, Poland itself is recalled as the knight fighting for Christian values, distinguished by its attitude against the background of the degrading societies of the West. The long duration of the personal model developed after the Council of Trent, described as miles christianus, was therefore inserted by Jełowicki into the current of shaping national aspirations, characteristic of the 19th century. The moral and religious aspect of these was to identify with the values represented by the Catholic Church, standing by which, according to the preacher, ensured the recovery of independence. Thus, the idea of Christian chivalry was complementary to the vision of a state and nation strongly linked to biblical models, which, moreover, characterized the spirituality of the congregation. Jełowicki’s texts, ultimately, exemplify a peculiar kind of militarization of Polish spirituality and religiousness, a testimony that is also recognizable in the contemporary Catholic Church in Poland.
PL
W tekstach wystąpień publicznych Aleksandra Jełowickiego, zwłaszcza związanych z jego działalnością kaznodziejską, zwraca uwagę częste przywoływanie idei rycerstwa chrześcijańskiego. Rycerzami chrześcijańskimi są w wykładzie zmartwychwstańca walczący na przestrzeni dziejów obrońcy ojczyzny oraz wszyscy biorący udział w narodowych zrywach, których los często zmusił do emigracji. W alegorycznym odniesieniu sama Polska przywoływana jest jako walczący o wartości chrześcijańskie rycerz, wyróżniający się swoją postawą na tle degradujących się społeczeństw Zachodu. Długie trwanie wypracowanego po Soborze Trydenckim wzorca osobowego, określanego jako miles christianus, zostało wpisane tym samym przez Jełowickiego w nurt kształtowania narodowych aspiracji, charakterystycznych dla XIX stulecia. Moralno-religijnym ich wymiarem było identyfikowanie się z wartościami reprezentowanymi przez Kościół katolicki, przy którym trwanie jest zdaniem kaznodziei, gwarantem odzyskania niepodległości. Tym samym idea rycerstwa chrześcijańskiego uzupełniała wizję państwa i narodu mocno powiązanych ze wzorcami biblijnymi, charakteryzującymi zresztą duchowość zgromadzenia. Chodzi tu przede wszystkim o dążenie do osobistego zmartwychwstania w jedności z Jezusem, będącym wzorem także dla cierpiącej ojczyzny. Teksty Jełowieckiego są w końcu przykładem swoistej militaryzacji duchowości i religijności polskiej, czego świadectwa są rozpoznawalne także we współczesnym Kościele katolickim na terenie Polski.
EN
Education and formation are the two key words of tremendous importance in the activity of the International Federation of Pueri Cantores. Learning the Christian values and deepening faith both derive from the identity of and identification with the group which Pueri Cantores is. Creative education, commonly associated with musical formation of young people, is a peculiar quality characterizing this church movement. The Pueri Cantores actions performed in many countries of the world, counting today almost 40, prove the growing effectiveness and popularity of this Federation. And such is are the aims which were officially approved by its Presidents in the document ratified in Paris last year.The history of the Pueri Cantores community has featured a great number of excellent tutors and educators. Their remarkable activities are certified by their living pupils, acting and developing worldwide. Amongst these magnificent pillars of the Federation was Siegfried Koesler, deceased two years ago, a great friend of the Polish Federation of Pueri Cantores and of the main celebrator of today’s anniversary. The entire international community of Pueri Cantores Presidents, Correspondents and Guests shall meet on 24–26 October 2014 in Würzburg so as to commemorate this great and good teacher. At the funeral service of Siegfried Koesler at Würzburg cemetery on 5 December 2012 I said on behalf of the International Federation of Pueri Cantores: „Thank you fory your shiny example. You were for us a living sign of God’s presence amongst us. Your thoughts and deeds shall remain in us for they have stayed alive in our hearts. You will live in us. Your remarkably good manners, culture and life, permeated with God’s presence, will always be an inspiration and encouragement for us in our aiming at ideals, to which you were invariably faithful” (R. Tyrała, The 10th Letter of President of FIPC, Kraków 2014. Archives of the International Federation of Pueri Cantores in Rome). It is a matter of undeniable certainty that the modern world, the modern Church and we ourselves need such authentic educators and authorities.May the conclusion of these few thoughts on educating through music, as exemplified by the Federation of Pueri Cantores, be the words expressed by the man who, like anyone else, knows how to run a choir, and educate and form young people: „I believe, working with a choir in respect of human activity belongs to a hierarchy of values. Because man as such is a value himself. And this man, whether a child or an adult singing in our choir, whom God provided with abilities to sing and with musical sensitivity, and whom He entrusted to us, choirmasters so we would educate, tutor and form, is truly worth a trial” (A. Zając, Chór kościelny – środowiskiem edukacyjnym, wychowawczym i formacyjnym. Sacred Choir – An Educational, Tutorial and Formative Environment, w: Pro Musica Sacra, t. III, Kraków 2006, p. 80).
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