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EN
The author presented the determinants of rivalry between PO and PiS. The analysis covered the genesis of both parties, existing and new socio-political divisions created by the parties; party memberships; differences in strategy and paradigms, and the differ-ences of party programmes.
EN
“Gazeta Wyborcza”, founded in 1989, still remains the most important opinion making daily paper in Poland. In its articles it represents liberal opinions concerning social and economic policy. Although “Gazeta Wyborcza” was the main medial oppo-nent of PiS (the largest oppositional party in Poland in the period discussed in this arti-cle), it also criticised the then governing PO-PSL coalition, especially with respect to its economic policy. This critical approach was in general inspired by liberal doctrine. The main subjects of the criticism concerning the economic policy of the PO-PSL coalition in the years 2007–2015 included a lack of support of Poland’s accession to the Euro Zone, slow privatisation, maintaining the position of privileged groups in the society (farmers, miners), lack of restructurisation of the coal mining industry as well as the reduction and transfer of superannuation funds from the so-called second pillar of the pension system to ZUS.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present and attempt to assess the implementation of security policy of Civic Platform submitted in its election programs since the first start in the parliamentary elections of this formation until the general election in October of 2015. There will be analyzed primarily in this article the manifestos prepared for the parliamentary elections because they contain much more contents about the security than the programmes prepared before the voting to the European Parliament.
EN
The analysis of the results of the elections to regional parliaments of 2018 allows to take a closer look at the current political preferences of the electorate one year before the parliamentary elections. The distribution of support for political parties in individual provinces shows that Law and Justice (PiS) enjoys constant, high and stable support, which will most likely allow this party to extend mandate to rule the country for the next 4 years. The largest opposition party, the Civic Platform (PO), sees the chances of victory in uniting further opposition groups around itself. The common start with Nowoczesna under the name of the Citizens’ Coalition (KO) did not meet the expectations. However, the distribution of support in the local government elections showed that the actions consolidating the opposition are currently the only chance to fight a leveled electoral fight with Law and Justice (PiS).
EN
The article regards the Polish policy towards Ukraine from the time of the first government of the Civic Platform and Polish People’s Party to the Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. The main aim of the article is to present the most relevant political actions which were made in this time by Polish authorities not only in terms of bilateral relations but also in terms of multilateral ideas and concepts which were important from the Ukrainian point of view i.e. the Eastern Partnership. The conducted research also based on the internal and external determinants of Polish and Ukrainian policy as well as on the party platform of the Civic Platform at that time. Both determinants and party platform were briefly described in the article. According to the research, it is possible to indicate several general conclusions: between 2007 and 2010 Ukraine remained (however with a changed role) one of the most significant Polish partners; the government of the Civic Platform decided to transfer lot of tasks regarding the policy towards Ukraine to the European Union; the Eastern Partnership program which was established in 2008 could not been treated as an equivalent of membership in the EU; the most important goals from the Polish point of view including measurable integration of Ukraine with the EU and NATO were not reached.
EN
This article presents an analysis of the Civic Platform’s political program in relation to the demands on the judiciary. After initially showing the origins of the party, the pro-gram analyzes the programming document “Commitment” in 2001 and the program of election campaigns from 2005. The article contains an analysis of the political program of the party prior to the election victories in 2007 and 2011 taking into account political achievements in this matter
EN
The author analyses the dynamics of the Polish party system in the light of the outcomes of the parliamentary elections in the Third Republic of Poland (since 1989). He exposes especially the last element of that evolution – the 2015 parliamentary election. It resulted in the victory of Law and Justice (PiS) party. For the first time in the history of democratic Poland, the victor was able to create a government without having to negotiate with coalition partners. The success of PiS seems to be a result of the combination of several factors. It would be mistaken to portray an emerging situation as a simple rightist win. PiS to some extent represents a social attitude, typical for the socialist (social-democratic) parties, with some part of the program including a populist message, but with the combination of a conservative approach to several issues and nationalistic stand on a perception of patriotic mood. The important meaning has a support of PiS by the Catholic Church, especially at the grass-roots level. The victory of PiS and forming of the majority government have an important meaning for the functioning of the political parties’ system in Poland. For the first time since 1989, there were not balancing of power situation which the coalition governments have brought about. The political parties, creating the opposition in parliament, must offer a new strategy of behaviour in such circumstances, especially dealing with challenging the PiS policy to compromise a democratic system based on the 1997 Constitution, e.g. division of power, position of the Constitutional Tribunal and functioning of the judiciary.
EN
The article presents the concepts proposed in 2006 and in 2014 by the Polish political parties to enhance energy security in Europe (the idea of the European Energy Security Treaty and Energy Union) and determines the role of these proposals for the energy security of the member states of the European Union. Formulated by Polish political parties (Law and Justice, Civic Platform), the concepts for energy cooperation between the EU resulted from the comparable importance of energy in modern international relations. Politicians from both political parties were aware of the dependence of many countries of the European Union on energy supplies from the Russian Federation and the nature of the foreign policy pursued by Russia. Consequently, they indicated the need for close political cooperation, both with the importers and exporters of energy resources. In terms of political science analysis of this issue it is important from both the theoretical and practical point of view, as it relates to the determination of the essence of understanding by policy makers of changes taking place in Europe, as well as the distinction between the measures and actions taken to ensure energy security in the EU. The concepts proposed by the two political party’s resulted from the need to pursue an active foreign and energy policy. Nevertheless, clear assessment of the concept of Law and Justice and Civic Platform is difficult to determine.
EN
In the years 2001–2015 Civic Platform (CP) played a significant role in the political system of the state. An important figure of Lower Silesia CP is Grzegorz Schetyna. Thanks to his personal involvement the structures of the party in Legnica are strong. The weakness of the party can be caused by an internal conflict with Jacek Protasiewicz. The most important members of Legnica CP participated in the election to the office of the mayor, tried to won seats of city councilors and province councilors, they also tried to won in the parliamentary elections. So, we can discuss the effectiveness of politicians, understood as the ability to make voters believe their promises. First of all, these politicians were analysed and classified as local activists, professionals, party activists, political celebrities and professional politicians. Activists of Legnica Civic Platform give hope for the continuation of political activity by the party, most of them are professional politicians and activists of local governments. Both of these groups are active in the local community, which is appreciated by the residents of the region.
PL
W latach 2001–2015 Platforma Obywatelska odgrywała znaczącą rolę w systemie politycznym państwa. Ważną postacią dolnośląskiej PO jest Grzegorz Schetyna. Dzięki jego osobistemu zaangażowaniu struktury partii w Legnicy i powiecie legnickim są silne. Słabości partii można upatrywać w wewnętrznym konflikcie z Jackiem Protasiewiczem. Liczące się postacie legnickiej PO kandydowały do urzędu prezydenta miasta, zdobywały mandaty radnych miasta oraz radnych województwa, ubiegały się także o mandaty poselskie i senatorskie. Wyniki tych elekcji mogą posłużyć do weryfikacji skuteczności polityków, rozumianej jako umiejętność przekonywania wyborców do głoszonych postulatów. Przede wszystkim tych polityków wzięto pod uwagę w analizie, próbując ich zaklasyfikować jako działaczy samorządowych, fachowców, działaczy partyjnych, celebrytów politycznych oraz polityków zawodowych. Skład osobowy legnickiej Platformy Obywatelskiej daje nadzieję na kontynuację politycznej działalności przez partię, gdyż w dużej mierze znajdują się w niej politycy zawodowi oraz działacze samorządowi. Obie wyróżnione kategorie aktywnie działają na rzecz lokalnej społeczności, co dostrzegają mieszkańcy regionu.
EN
The article presents the political situation in Poland after the 2005 Polish parliamen-tary elections and describes key points of the political program of Law and Justice, which was titled “Czwarta Rzeczpospolita”. The elections in 2005 were won by Law and Justice, a conservative party, who were led by Jarosław Kaczyński. Civic Platform occupied second place. Both parties wanted to cooperate in creating a majority coalition in the lower House of Parliament but the victory of Law and Justice and the troubled negotiations along with the triumph of Lech Kaczyński in the presidential election brought an end to the collaboration between these parties. The victorious party had to look for a partners to govern among the remaining parties. Eventually, the chiefs of Law and Justice decided to sign a stabilization pact with League of Polish Families and Self Defense Party. The agreement, signed in February 2006, did not bring about an end to the crisis of politics in Poland, therefore political leaders decided to announce an early election in 2007.
EN
Critical infrastructure is a set of systems that consist of interrelated functional facilities such as buildings, various devices, installations and key services for the national security and citizens, and the services that guarantee an efficient functioning of public administration, institutions and companies. The systems of critical infrastructure include the system that provides energy and fuels; the one of communications and telecommunications networks; the financial one; the one that provides food and water; health service; transport; rescue services; the services that guarantee the continuity of public administration; production; storing, preservation and using chemical and radioactive substances, including pipelines of dangerous substances. The article is an attempt to answer the question whether the issues concerning critical infrastructure appeared in the programmes of the Civic Platform during the elections to both the Chambers of the Polish Parliament. The main emphasis has been put on energetic security, which is one of the most important elements of critical infrastructure. The Civic Platform was created in 2001 before the parliamentary elections. During the parliamentary terms of 2001–2005 and 2005–2007 it was the biggest opposition party, and during the terms of 2007–2011 and 2011–2015 it was in power together with the Polish Peasants’ Party (Polish: PSL). It means that since the 2007 elections the Civic Platform (together with PSL) had a real influence on the functioning of the Third Republic of Poland. That is why the author of the article decided to analyse whether the Civic Platform had included critical infrastructure – a thing essential for a proper functioning of the State – in its programmes.
PL
Infrastruktura krytyczna to systemy oraz wchodzące w ich skład powiązane ze sobą funkcjonalnie obiekty, w tym obiekty budowlane, urządzenia, instalacje, usługi kluczowe dla bezpieczeństwa państwa i jego obywateli oraz służące zapewnieniu sprawnego funkcjonowania organów administracji publicznej, a także instytucji i przedsiębiorców. Infrastruktura krytyczna obejmuje systemy: zaopatrzenia w energię i paliwa; łączności i sieci teleinformatycznych; finansowe; zaopatrzenia w żywność i wodę; ochrony zdrowia; transportowe i komunikacyjne; ratownicze; zapewniające ciągłość działania administracji publicznej; produkcji, składowania, przechowywania i stosowania substancji chemicznych i promieniotwórczych, w tym rurociągi substancji niebezpiecznych. W artykule przeanalizowano, czy kwestie związane z infrastrukturą krytyczną pojawiły się w ogólnopolskich programach Platformy Obywatelskiej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w wyborach do Sejmu i Senatu RP. Główny nacisk położono na kwestie związane z bezpieczeństwem energetycznym, będącym jednym z najważniejszych elementów infrastruktury krytycznej. Platforma powstała w 2001 r., przed wyborami parlamentarnymi. W kadencjach parlamentarnych z lat 2001–2005 oraz 2005–2007 była największym ugrupowaniem opozycyjnym, a podczas kadencji z lat 2007–2011 i 2011–2015 sprawowała władzę w kraju wspólnie z PSL. Z powyższych informacji wynika, że od wyborów parlamentarnych z 2007 r. ugrupowanie to – wraz z koalicjantem – miało realny wpływ na funkcjonowanie III Rzeczypospolitej. Dlatego postanowiono przeanalizować, czy wspomniana partia zwróciła w swoich programach uwagę na tak istotną sprawę dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania państwa, jaką jest infrastruktura krytyczna.
EN
Negative television political advertising has become an instrument commonly found in election campaigns in most democratic countries around the world. This article is intended to show the functioning of this element of political marketing, focusing in par-ticular on its presence on Polish soil. This article indicates the genesis of negative televi-sion political advertising, its nature, significance, and provides an analysis that included sample ads by the campaign staffs of Law and Justice, Civic Platform and Democratic Left Alliance, which were broadcast during the election campaign before the election to the European Parliament in 2009.
EN
The aim of this article was to analyze the factors that influenced the creation and subsequent activity of the Civic Platform Spokesperson Team in the years 2006–2007. The subject of research was also the genesis of the institution of the Shadow Cabinet and presentation of circumstances surrounding the creation of the Civic Platform. The author's research intention was also to provide answers to the following questions: did the Team of Spokespersons contribute to an increase in public support for Civic Platform in the early parliamentary elections of 2007; did the activity of the Civic Platform's Shadow Cabinet improve the organisation of the political party's communication activities with its external environment, and did it lead to an increase in its advantage over its competitors?
PL
Celem artykułu była analiza czynników warunkujących powstanie, a następnie działalność Zespołu Rzeczników Platformy Obywatelskiej w latach 2006–2007. Przedmiotem dociekań naukowych były również geneza instytucji gabinetu cieni oraz przedstawienie okoliczności dotyczących utworzenia Platformy Obywatelskiej. Zamierzeniem badawczym autora było również udzielenie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: czy Zespół Rzeczników przyczynił się do wzrostu poparcia społecznego dla PO w przedterminowych wyborach parlamentarnych w 2007 r.?; czy działalność gabinetu cieni PO poprawiła sposób organizacji działań komunikacyjnych partii politycznej z jej otoczeniem zewnętrznym oraz czy doprowadziła do zwiększenia przewagi nad konkurentami?
EN
The aim of this article is to present the election campaign in the by-election to the Senate in the Subcarpathian voivodeship called by the President of the Republic of Po-land Bronisław Komorowski for 8th September, 2013. The main reason for calling the by-election was the fact that the mandate of Władysław Ortyl, elected as the Marshal of the Subcarpathian voivodeship, terminated. Ultimately, seven candidates supported by their own parties or electoral committees endeavoured to win the support of the local electorate and entered the campaign. A visit paid by top representatives of Law and Justice, Civic Platform, Polish People’s Party and United Poland to the region of the Subcarpathian voivodeship was an essential element of the election campaign. The representatives finally did battle for Subcarpathia. The by-election to the Senate in Subcarpathia in 2013 showed that in electoral competi-tion the political parties performed a decisive role, not their candidates, as evidenced by the election result achieved by the Law and Justice candidate in relation to his political opponents.
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2023
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vol. L
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issue 1
128-144
PL
The article presents and compares the concepts of European integration of two German parties – CDU and CSU – and two Polish parties – PO and PSL – which are members of the European People’s Party (EPP). It was divided into an introduction, three parts – the first one, which outlined how the Polish and German parties perceived the European Union, the second one related to the models of European integration that were close to the above-mentioned parties, and the third one, which describes how the CDU, CSU, PO and PSL perceived the enlargement of the European Union – and the conclusion. Article analyzes party documents, primarily election programs, that were published in 2004–2019.
DE
Der Artikel präsentiert und vergleicht die Konzepte der europäischen Integration zweier deutscher Parteien – CDU und CSU – und zweier polnischer Parteien – PO und PSL – die Mitglieder der Europäischen Volkspartei (EVP) sind. Es gliederte sich in eine Einleitung, drei Teile – der Erste, der Umriss, wie die polnische und die deutsche Partei die Europäische Union wahrnahmen, der zweite, der sich auf die Modelle der europäischen Integration bezog, die den oben genannten Parteien nahestanden, und der dritte, der beschreibt, wie CDU, CSU, PO und PSL die Erweiterung der Europäischen Union wahrgenommen haben – und das Schlusswort. Der Artikel analysiert Parteidokumente, hauptsächlich Wahlprogramme, die in den Jahren 2004–2019 veröffentlicht wurden.
EN
Since 2005, political life in Poland has been largely dominated by a dispute between two parties: Civic Platform (PO) and Law and Justice (PiS). This dispute is not just a rivalry between party leaders on political programs. It is rather a confrontation of the antagonistic views of the voters and supporters of both parties. The unsuccessful talks between the leadership groups of both parties, which did not lead to the formation of a coalition government in 2005 are often referred as a symbolic beginning of this conflict. The intensity of this dispute, prompts the observers of public and political life to formulatea thesis about two metaphoric Polands, two tribes that are alien to each other. Authors of the scientific and journalistic analyses of this phenomenon often point out the differences in demographic and social characteristics of the electorates of both parties. However, these differences are less important than dissimilarities in views and opinions of PO and PiS supporters on events, phenomena and persons relevant to party identities. The media also play a crucial role in supporting and reproducing different views of supporters of both parties. The purpose of this paper is to present a characteristics of the supporters of both parties and to analyze the evolution of their political likes and dislikes in the last several years. The conclusions are based on a analysis of the data collected in the years 2001–2019 by the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) and by other researchers.
PL
Od 2005 roku życie polityczne w Polsce w znaczącym stopniu zdominowane jest przez spór dwóch partii: Platformy Obywatelskiej (PO) oraz Prawa i Sprawiedliwości (PiS). Spór ten nie jest tylko rywalizacją liderów i członków partii na programy polityczne. To konfrontacja antagonistycznych światopoglądów wyborców oraz sympatyków obu partii. Jej symbolicznym początkiem są nieudane rozmowy między gremiami przywódczymi obu partii, które nie doprowadziły do powstania koalicyjnego rządu w 2005 roku. Intensywność sporu, toczonego w wielu środowiskach, skłania obserwatorów życia publicznego do formułowania tezy o dwóch metaforycznych Polskach, o dwóch obcych sobie plemionach. Autorzy naukowych i publicystycznych analiz tego fenomenu często wskazują na różnice w zakresie cech demograficznych i społecznych, jakimi charakteryzują się elektoraty obu partii. Odmienności te mają jednak drugorzędne znaczenie w stosunku do różnic w poglądach zwolenników PO i PiS na temat wydarzeń, problemów, zjawisk i osób istotnych dla partyjnych tożsamości. Istotną rolę w podtrzymywaniu i reprodukcji odmiennych światopoglądów sympatyków obu partii odgrywają media. Celem tekstu jest dokonanie charakterystyki cech oraz podzielanych poglądów sympatyków obu partii oraz analiza ewolucji ich sympatii i antypatii politycznych w ostatnich kilkunastu latach. Wnioski formułowane są na podstawie wtórnej analizy danych zebranych w latach 2001–2019 przez Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej oraz przez innych badaczy.
PL
W artykule prezentuję wyniki analizy dyskursu prasowego „Gazety Wyborczej” i „Rzeczpospolitej” poświęconego wizerunkowi „Platformy Obywatelskiej” w ostatnim tygodniu kampanii wyborczej przed wyborami parlamentarnymi z roku 2007. Przyjmując jako metodę retoryczną analizę dyskursu staram się pokazać jak dwa różne dzienniki opisując te same wydarzenia mogą wpływać na ich interpretację wśród czytelników. W analizie porównane zostały m.in. takie elementy dyskursu jak: język tekstów i nagłówków, elementy stylistyczne, chwyty retoryczne, dobór rozmówców i tematów.
EN
In the article author presents results of the rhetorical discourse analysis of the Civic Platform image in ‘Gazeta Wyborcza’ and ‘Rzeczpospolita’ in the last week of parliamentary election campaign. Using the rhetorical discourse analysis author shows how two different press titles describing the same facts can impact readers interpretation. The analysis presents i.a. comparison of such discourse elements as the language of the articles and leads, stylistics, figures of speech, interlocutors selection.
PL
Koncepcja ULB została ukształtowana przez paryską „Kulturę”. Wykazuje ona podobieństwo do myśli piłsudczyków. Jej główne założenie zawiera się w haśle przypisywanym Jerzemu Giedroyciowi: „Nie ma wolnej Polski, bez niepodległej Ukrainy”. Zmiany jakie nastąpiły na mapie świata wraz z rozpadem Związku Radzieckiego sprawiły, iż koncepcja polskiej polityki wschodniej musiała ulec zmianie. Od 1989 r. aż do „pomarańczowej rewolucji", polscy decydenci deklarowali, iż program „Kultury” pełni istotną rolę we wschodniej polityce zagranicznej. Jednak obszar ULB nie stanowi już monolitu. Istotnym aktorem stała się Unia Europejska. Czy wobec tych zmian, Polska nadal ma bezwarunkowo wspierać tamtejsze elity i lobbować na ich rzecz w Europie? Okres od jesieni 2007 r., gdy koalicja PO-PSL objęła rządy, to interesujący czas w zakresie polityki wschodniej. Jego przeanalizowanie pozwoli odpowiedzieć na pytanie ile w realizowanej polityce kontynuacji a ile zmiany.
EN
The concept of the ULB has been shaped by the Paris “Culture” journal. It shows similarity to the idea of Pilsudski’s. Its main assumption is contained in the slogan attributed to Jerzy Giedroyć: “There is no free Poland without free Ukraine”. The Changes which have taken place on the world map with the disintegration of the Soviet Union meant, that the concept of Polish Eastern policy had to be changed. From 1989 until the “Orange Revolution”, Polish policy makers declared that the “Culture” plays an important role in the Eastern foreign policy. However ULB area is no longer a monolith. Important actor became the European Union.
EN
The dispute over the model of European integration and around the proposals for reform and change of the European Union, which appear time and again, has become one of the main axes of conflict in Polish politics. The aim of this article is to analyse the political views of the two main actors in this dispute - Law and Justice (PiS - conservative current) and Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland (PO - liberal current). Representatives of both ideological currents, despite significant axiological differences, were in favour of European integration. While the Law and Justice party presented a Eurorealist stance, the views of Civic Platform politicians can be described as Euro-enthusiastic. Sharp disagreements arose when the scope and extent of European integration and the model of the EU needed to be clarified, which de facto boiled down to a debate around the role and significance of the nation-state in international relations. The theoretical layer of political thought is particularly exposed in the study, as the acceptance of a realist or liberal paradigm of international relations by the parties studied was tantamount to support for a particular model of the European Union. It also seemed crucial to examine the relevance and importance of political values such as the state and its sovereignty, collective identity or security and their relationship to the desired vision of the EU.
PL
Spór o model integracji europejskiej oraz wokół pojawiających się raz po raz propozycji reform i zmian Unii Europejskiej stały się jedną z głównych osi konfliktu w polskiej polityce. Celem artykułu jest analiza poglądów politycznych dwóch głównych podmiotów tego sporu – Prawa i Sprawiedliwości (nurt konserwatywny) oraz Platformy Obywatelskiej RP (nurt liberalny). Przedstawiciele obu nurtów ideowych, mimo znacznych różnic aksjologicznych, opowiadali się za integracją europejską. O ile PiS prezentowało postawę eurorealistyczną, o tyle poglądy polityków PO można określić mianem euroentuzjastycznych. Do ostrych sporów dochodziło wtedy, kiedy trzeba było doprecyzować zakres i zasięg integracji europejskiej oraz model UE, co de facto sprowadzało się do debaty wokół roli i znaczenia państwa narodowego w stosunkach międzynarodowych. W pracy szczególnie eksponowana jest teoretyczna warstwa myśli politycznej, gdyż akceptacja realistycznego lub liberalnego paradygmatu stosunków międzynarodowych przez badane partie była równoznaczna z poparciem dla określonego modelu Unii Europejskiej. Kluczowe wydawało się również zbadanie przydatności oraz wagi takich wartości politycznych, jak państwo i jego suwerenność, tożsamość zbiorowa czy bezpieczeństwo, a także ich związku z pożądaną wizją UE.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to present the position of the Polish parliamentary parties in relation to specific events Ukrainian conflict at the turn of 2013/2014. From the very beginning of the crisis in Ukraine, most politicians of parliamentary parties in Poland watched and commented on the events in Ukraine 2013/2014, on the one hand, it seems – the absolute support of the European aspirations and Defending the freedom, democracy and sovereignty of Ukraine. This does not mean that there was no difference of opinion. First of all, the ideological issues that lie at the basis of party differences, as well as in traditional political struggle between the two major parties.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie stanowiska polskich partii parlamentarnych w odniesieniu do konkretnych wydarzeń ukraińskiego konfliktu na przełomie lat 2013/2014. Od samego początku kryzysu na Ukrainie większość polityków polskich partii parlamentarnych odczytywała i komentowała wydarzenia na Ukrainie 2013/2014 w sposób bardzo podobny – absolutne wsparcie dla dążeń proeuropejskich oraz w obronie wolności, demokracji oraz suwerenności państwowej. Nie oznacza to, że nie było pewnych różnic poglądów – chodzi tu przede wszystkim o kwestie światopoglądowe i ideologiczne oraz pewne wątki walki politycznej pomiędzy dwiema głównymi partiami parlamentarnymi.
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