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1

The Times They Are A-Changin’

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Jędrzejko P.

Review of International American Studies

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2019

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vol. 12

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issue 2

5-24

EN

The article, whose central premise is to address the ellusive issue of the Zeitgeist of the "long 1968," revolves around the appeal of the singer-songwriter activism and the international, cross-cultural popularity of protest songs that defy political borders and linguistic divides. The argument opens with reference to Bob Dylan's famous song "The Times They Are A-Changing," whose evergreen topicality resulted not only in the emergence of its numerous official and unofficial covers and reinterpretations, but also generated translations into all major languages of the world, and which has provided inspiration to engaged artists, whose present-day remakes serve as a medium of criticism of the unjust mechanisms of power affecting contemporary societies. The "spirit of the 1968," which evades clear-cut definitions attempted by cultural historians and sociologists, seems to lend itself to capturing in terms of what Beate Kutschke dubs "mental" criteria, perhaps best comprehended in the analysis of the emotional reactions to simple messages of exhortative poetry or simple protest songs, which appeal to the shared frustrations of self-organized, grassroot movements and offer them both the sense of purpose and a glimpse of hope. In this sense, the Zeitgeist of '68 is similar to that of revolutionary Romanticism that united the young engaged intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic, and whose messages reverberate in the activist songwriters' work until today. As such, the essay provides the keynote to the whole issue, which explores some of the transnational legacies of "1969."

2

Iskry, które spowodowały pożar. Trzy wydarzenia, które zapoczątkowały Ruch na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych

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Jeliński J.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

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2011

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issue 1

PL

W moim artykule przybliżyłem genezę największego sprzeciwu Afroamerykanów wobec rasowej segregacji i prawnej dyskryminacji w Stanach Zjednoczonych, którego esencję stanowił Ruch na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich zapoczątkowany w połowie lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku. Skoncentrowałem się na trzech wydarzeniach, które stały się symbolicznymi wyznacznikami początku Rewolucji Czarnych, jak określa się wydarzenia lat 1954 – 1968. Poruszone zostały kwestie przyczyn i uwarunkowań wybuchu tego masowego ruchu walki Afroamerykanów z dyskryminacją i znaczenia tych wydarzeń dla Afroamerykanów i społeczeństwa amerykańskiego. Trzy tytułowe „iskry”, których analizy się podjąłem, dotyczą różnych aspektów życia i pozornie wydają się nie być ze sobą związane. Cóż może mieć ze sobą wspólnego morderstwo młodego, czarnoskórego chłopca, decyzja Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz bojkot publicznych środków transportu? W artykule starałem się wykazać, że poszukując genezy wybuchu Rewolucji Czarnych niechybnie natrafiamy na te trzy wydarzenia i trudno jest przeoczyć ich ogromne znaczenie dla Ruchu na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich.

EN

In the paper I examine the genesis of the largest opposition of Afro-Americans against the racial segregation and legal discrimination in the United States, whose essence is the Civil Rights Movement initiated in the mid 1950s. I focused on the three events, which have become the symbolic determinants of the beginning of the Black Revolution, as the events of the 1954-1968 are called. The questions of causes and determinants of the rising of this mass movement of Afro-Americans’ struggle against discrimination as well as the meaning of those events for the Afro-Americans and the American society have been touched. The three eponymous “sparks”, which I further analyze, refer to the various aspects of life and seemingly are not connected to each other. What may the murder of a young black boy, the verdict of the Supreme Court of the United States and the boycott of the public transport have in common? In the paper I attempt to prove, that when searching for the genesis of the breakout of the Black Revolution, one will inevitably come across those three events and it is difficult to overlook their great importance in regard to the Civil Rights Movement.

3

Pontchartrain Park Pioneers: An oral history of New Orleans’ civil rights era segregated black ‘suburb in the city’

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Roberston C. C., Edwards J.

Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej

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2023

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vol. 13

136-147

EN

The article was inspired by the Pontchartrain Park Pioneers Oral History Project which began in 2019. Ten Pontchartrain Park pioneers who purchased their homes in this middle class, African American community between 1955 and 1965 were interviewed. This innovative oral history project allowed the interviewees to share their unique stories of pursuing the ‘American Dream’ of home ownership, while living in a racially segregated country and city.

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The Times They Are A-Changin’

Iskry, które spowodowały pożar. Trzy wydarzenia, które zapoczątkowały Ruch na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych

Pontchartrain Park Pioneers: An oral history of New Orleans’ civil rights era segregated black ‘suburb in the city’