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PL
Cleopatra and Eros in Plutarch’s Antonius. On overinterpretation of Plutarch’s work Historians, writers and artists who wanted to pay homage to Cleopatra once again, referred to and still refer to Plutarch’s Life of Antony, first and foremost. It can seem that this main, if not the only ancient work, being quite a compact story about the Egyptian queen, has been ultimately interpreted in numerous review editions and biographies of Cleopatra. However, Plutarch’s Cleopatra has not been analysed as a separate work - excerpts from Life of Antony have always been combined with other sources in order to obtain a single picture. And in belles-lettres, the work of this ancient moralist have been exploited for centuries in such a way that it is no longer Plutarch’s property. Literary works from different epochs, in the form of interpretations, with Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra at the head of the list, have distorted the ancient moralist’s message. It turns out that when we reject Shakespeare’s prism that we usually use when examining Plutarch’s Cleopatra and we start to analyse Antony’s biography only in the context of other works written by the moralist of Chaeronea, considering them to be a peculiar comment on Life of Antony, we are able to see a completely different picture to the one we are used to. Divine powers, present on the pages of the ancient work and implicating gods and people in love and desire do not have access to the queen. However, everything suggests that in the case of “the romance of all time” we can see in the moralist’s work something he did not write at all. We refer to Life of Antony and we envisage the character of Cleopatra described by Shakespeare and his successors.
EN
Over the centuries, Cleopatra VII, the famous queen of the Nile, has uttered thousands of amorous sentences in countless dramas, poems, novels, librettos and films. Historians, writers and artists of all periods, selecting the Egyptian monarch as the “hero” of their works, referred, and still continue to do so, primarily to the Life of Antony by a great Greek philosopher and moralist - Plutarch of Chaeronea. It might seem that it was Plutarch who presented Cleopatra a woman overcome with genuine passionate love. But does the queen in the Plutarch’s work really, even for a moment, experience the true agony of love? The problem with this is that if we reject the Shakespearean prism through which we used to view Cleopatra created by Plutarch and we analyse the Life of Antony exclusively in the context of other works of the moralist from Chaeronea, we will not perceive an Egyptian Dido cursing her lover and dying of love. It is a delusion that in the final parts of the Life of Antony, the monarch’s previously feigned or perhaps concealed love for the Roman commander is manifested as true – as is stated by many researchers identifying in Plutarch’s work the specific elements of romance in which the lovers’ feelings are reciprocated.
EN
Over the centuries, Cleopatra VII, the famous queen of the Nile, has uttered thousands of amorous sentences in countless dramas, poems, novels, librettos and films. Historians, writers and artists of all periods, selecting the Egyptian monarch as the “hero” of their works, referred, and still continue to do so, primarily to the Life of Antony by a great Greek philosopher and moralist - Plutarch of Chaeronea. It might seem that it was Plutarch who presented Cleopatra a woman overcome with genuine passionate love. But does the queen in the Plutarch’s work really, even for a moment, experience the true agony of love? The problem with this is that if we reject the Shakespearean prism through which we used to view Cleopatra created by Plutarch and we analyse the Life of Antony exclusively in the context of other works of the moralist from Chaeronea, we will not perceive an Egyptian Dido cursing her lover and dying of love. It is a delusion that in the final parts of the Life of Antony, the monarch’s previously feigned or perhaps concealed love for the Roman commander is manifested as true – as is stated by many researchers identifying in Plutarch’s work the specific elements of romance in which the lovers’ feelings are reciprocated.
EN
The article presents the collection of Roman engraved gems in the National Museum of Archaeology, in Lisbon. Although a small cabinet, it contains a wide variety of themes and motifs. Among the intaglios, the nicolos deserve to be especially highlighted for their quantity when compared with the others, thus strenghtening the evidence for the existence of a regional quartz industry in the city of Ammaia, which particularly specialized in the manufacture of nicolo gemstones. The themes match those existing throughout the Empire, but some items deserve special attention: Eros removing a thorn from a lion’s paw (no. 3); three Satyrs performing a sacrifice (no. 1); the wounded warrior (no. 31); the ‘prodigy scene’ (no. 36); Faustulus, the Capitoline Wolf and the twins (no. 37); a possible portrait of Cleopatra (no. 42); the Jewish symbols (no. 70) and the magical amulet (no. 72).
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