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The impact of democratic conditionality on policy-making in Turkey: Minority rights and the politics of broadcast regulation

100%
Sümer B.
Central European Journal of Communication
|
2009
|
vol. 2
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issue 1(2)
99-112
EN
From the recognition of its candidacy status at the European Council Helsinki Summit in December 1999 to the start of accession talks in October 2005, Turkey has gone through a remarkable process of “Europeanisation” of its public policies to fulfil the candidate criteria. In this period, broad- casting has been one of the first areas that was subject to the European Union (EU) impact. By assert- ing its influence through the enforcement of democratic conditionality, specifically the Copenhagen criterion on “respect for and protection of minorities,” the EU required Turkey to lift all the restric- tions on the enjoyment of cultural rights in Turkey and allow broadcasts in languages other than Turkish, particularly in Kurdish. This article first develops a critique of EU democratic conditionality and then investigates the policy process behind this change in the language policy for broadcasting in Turkey. Turkey’s response to democratic conditionality was directly influenced by prevailing ideas about “the credibility of the EU” as well as calculations of the “costs of compliance.”
2
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EU Membership and Budget Allocation Conditionality

86%
Molle W.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2018
|
vol. 4
167-182
EN
The world is shaken by many new developments. In this turbulence, the EU should provide an area of stability and security. It can only be so in case its internal cohesion is strengthened. The EU is a community based on values. Members have committed themselves to respect European values. But in case of a breach of the contract the Union has only two means to enforce respect for its values. Some have a legal character, others a financial one. The legal method is not very effective in this respect. This paper deals with the financial method. It argues that the conditionality of the budget needs to be increased; non-respect of values by Member States should entail loss of allocations. The recent proposals of the European Commission in this matter fall short of this.
3
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The EU Eastern Enlargement Policy Under the Pressure of Geopolitics. The Bulgarian Case (Russia's Little Brother)

86%
Veleva-Eftimova M.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2023
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vol. 27
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issue 1
63-79
EN
The Bulgarian case is symptomatic of the susceptibility of the EU enlargement policy under geopolitical pressure. The aim of this text is to add arguments to the statement that the dynamic of Bulgaria's accession to the EU has been strongly influenced by external factors - mainly Yugoslavia's disintegration and the subsequential Kososvo crisis. This crisis brought up the issue of the huge Russian influence over Bulgarian politics and societies and, as a result, predetermined the perception of Bulgaria as a high security risk for EU. In this situation, Bulgaria was an object of de-securitisation by the EU's enlargement policy, but at the same time its main instrument, namely, the conditionality policy, was neglected. From this point of view, the Bulgarian case is important because: it illustrates the effects of this discrepancy to date; it is instructive in the context of EU enlargement policy towards the Western Balkans with huge Russian influence; and also in the context of the acceleration of the EU's eastern enlargement policy toward Ukraine and Moldova because of the pressure of the ongoing Russian military invasion. The opportunity for accelerating the pre-accession process under the influence of unpredicted external events created prerequisites for politicising the whole process, including the political use of the conditionality and the consequently unfinished preaccession preparation of the newcomers. The research task is fulfilled by a synthesis of primary and secondary sources organised around three main questions - Which external circumstances? Why? and, How? The results of a discourse analysis of interviews with key participants in Bulgaria's EU integration process are used as a starting point.
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