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1

Administrative Aspects of Alternative Consumer Dispute Resolution in the European Union (EU), Slovenia and Croatia

100%
Jeretina U.
NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy
|
2016
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vol. 9
|
issue 1
191-222
EN
The consumer field is widespread and often encompasses different legal fields on a single market, especially when it comes to the field of consumer protection. In fact, the consumer mostly remains a weaker party in resolving consumer disputes, especially in administrative proceedings. Traditional court proceedings do not always offer the most cost-appropriate way of resolving consumer disputes, because the damage with legal costs is disproportionate, especially in Small Claims (20 EUR). In theory, Alternative Dispute Resolution (hereinafter: ADR) is considered more flexible, faster and cheaper for disputes between consumers and businesses. Insofar, Consumer ADR (hereinafter: CADR) is seen as a useful tool that helps consumers realize their right of access to justice. It is argued that CADR systems provide valuable information on the needs of disputants, while preserving confidentiality, increasing consumer satisfaction, equality and grater trust. While CADR is praised in theory as an added value, in practice it still remains unrecognizable and therefore is seen as an ineffective formalism in some EU countries. It seems that consumers and businesses lack awareness of the CADR schemes and their benefits, which have effects on the efficient use of CADR in different public and private institutions. The focus of this paper is on the field of Public Administrative Law, which, through different approaches of scientific analysis, combines the main administrative aspects of CADR systems in the EU. Special attention is given to different administrative barriers in the development of various CADR schemes, which cause the formation of administrative dilemmas in some Member states. The new EU legal regulation on Consumer ADR, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) and EU Administrative law have set flexible rules and principles that would assure the quality of dispute resolution between EU entities with private or public interests. Similarities in proposed principles would lead us closer towards a common European Administrative Space. However, so far such EU initiatives have left many questions unanswered regarding the supervision and financing of CADR schemes, as well as the administrative issues about the purely internal harmonization of “administrative” CADR practices in Member States. An example of the substantial administrative dilemmas in CADR practices, mostly in the field of universal services, can be recognized in existing CADR systems in selected EU countries, e.g. Slovenia and Croatia. POINTS FOR PRACTICIONERS: Special attention is paid to the interplay between the CADR and public administration in the EU, which introduces us to various definitions of the concept of CADR in administrative proceedings. The theoretical view shows that the parties in consumer dispute resolution produce various legal relationships (C2B/G or G/B2C, B2B or G2B) of different legal natures (public or private interests), whether under administrative or civil law. Through comparative analysis of the concept of CADR in administrative proceedings among selected EU countries, divergences are shown in the legal framework of CADR procedures, existing CADR schemes and measuring efficiency tools for CADR procedures, which causes key administrative dilemmas in the main sectors of universal services. Despite divergences, some similarities appear between new principles of proposed new EU regulation, which could lead us closer to a common European Administration law. Unfortunately, the statistical analysis of existing CADR cases in selected Member states indicates an inefficient use of these pledged mechanisms. The given guidelines and improvements with one coherent CADR model contribute to the achievement and pursuit of the set goals towards an efficient European Administrative space.
2
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Ekonomiczna analiza prawa ochrony konsumentów

86%
Czarnecka M.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2017
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vol. 321
118-135
PL
Analiza ekonomiczna przepisów dotyczących ochrony konsumentów w szczególności w aspekcie prawa do informacji ma istotne znaczenie dla nas wszystkich. Ważne jest ustalenie, czy konsumenci rozumieją przepisy prawa i zapisy umów, a tym samym, czy ochrona konsumentów jest ekonomicznie efektywna. Przepisy ustawy o prawach konsumenta nie są dostosowane do sytuacji rynkowej. Konsumenci nie znają swoich praw, a także instytucji, które mają na celu ich ochronę. Przepisy te są nadmiernie skomplikowane i nieefektywne ekonomicznie. Konsument pozostaje podmiotem wymagającym wsparcia, nakierowania na odpowiednie działania i należy zapewnić mu dostęp do cennych informacji dotyczących poruszania się na rynku.
EN
The economic analysis of protecting consumers in the context of the right to information is important to us all. It is important for consumers to understand the law and regulations of contracts and whether consumer protection is economically useful. The provisions of the Consumer Rights Act are not adjusted to the market situation. Consumers do not know their rights, they have no meaning which are intended to protect. These regulations are economically inefficient. A balance is established between consumers and entrepreneurs where equality is not achieved because of asymmetry which may result in market abuse. The consumer is required to become acquainted with the project, to focus on far-reaching actions, and to provide access to valuable information about the market.
3
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Consumer Protection as a Premise to Build Trust in the Financial Service Market

72%
Szustak G.
Journal of Economics and Management
|
2014
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vol. 16
113-133
EN
Consumers are very important participant of the financial market, generating high demand for its products and services. However, as non-professional clients, they require a special legal protection, securing their interests in contractual relations with financial institutions. The European Commission, as well as the national legislation of the Member States of the European Union seek to provide it for consumers, although it manages to varying degrees of success. The EU has no regulations, which for example might oblige member states to establish institutions of insured protection. Changes are also required when it comes to the protection of clients of failed investment companies, also in Poland, especially the amount of cover and the date of compensation payment. In Poland, there is a lack of a comprehensive law, aimed at the problem of inaccurate advertisement, misleading the customers. Conclusion of a fragmentary legislation in a number of different legal acts, certainly does not promote the elimination of unfair behavior of advertisers. Finally, there is too many 'abusive clauses' in contracts concluded with consumers, acting to their detriment. The aim of the study is to present the key elements of the consumer protection system, combined with the indication of the EU and the Polish legal basis, regulating the related issues and arising in connection with system operations the dilemmas. The individual client's protection system includes: guarantee schemes protecting customers of failed financial institutions; activities to eliminate information asymmetry, manifested by an increase in information obligations of financial institutions for their clients; prohibition of the use in contracts concluded with consumers prohibited contractual provisions, called "abusive clauses" by the professional side of the transaction; non-judicial institutions which settles disputes between clients and financial institutions, protection of personal data. The paper remains narrative and draws on the conceptual analysis of the current state of affairs supported by deduction and induction as core methodology (original abstract)
4
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Ochrona konsumentów korzystających z usług bankowości elektronicznej - na przykładzie ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród osób pracujących i/lub studiujących w Łodzi

72%
Staszczyk M.
Bezpieczny Bank
|
2016
|
issue 1 (62)
149-164
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie kwestii ochrony najsłabszych uczestników e-bankowości - konsumentów. W tej dziedzinie często istnieje konflikt interesów między uczestnikami, tj. użytkownikami, wydawcami i akceptantami instrumentów elektronicznych. Artykuł powstał w wyniku analizy ankiety przeprowadzonej w 2013 r. Ma na celu ukazanie na podstawie badania ankietowego poziomu ochrony oraz świadomości konsumenta bankowości elektronicznej. Weryfikuje również hipotezę, że rodzaj grupy społecznej ma wpływ na bezpieczeństwo e-bankowości.
EN
The subject of this paper is to present the issue of the protection of the weakest participants in e-banking - consumers. In this area, there is often a conflict of interest between participants, i.e. users, publishers, merchants and electronic instruments. The work is the result of an analysis of a survey conducted in 2013. The work aims to show, on the basis of a survey, the level of protection and consumer awareness of electronic banking. The work also reviews the hypothesis that the type of social group has an impact on the security of e-banking.
5
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Z problematyki ochrony praw konsumenta na rynki energii elektrycznej

72%
Czarnecka M.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2014
|
vol. 200
33-47
EN
Today, electricity is an important factor which ensure socio-economic development and improving the quality of society's life. It's hard to imagine the functioning households without electricity. The individual consumer, as the recipient of consuming electricity in the household must be treated in a special way and must be protected by law. We can see a trend occurring in all countries of the European Union to create instruments to protect individual customers. Energy law uses the new concept recipient acquiring power in the household. The new regulation of the Energy Law creates special protection of consumer rights. It introduces rules: concerning termination of contracts, the disclosure requirements of entrepreneurs energy and the specific rules for dealing with complaints. The legislature in order to protect the consumer has introduced the document constituting a compendium of knowledge about these powers - Collection of Consumer Rights. The energy market is unique, many of the concepts contained in consumer contracts - recipients have a technical nature, so was therefore necessary legislative interference in the consumer's rights.
6
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Nowe zagrożenia dla konsumentów wynikające z rozwoju FinTech

72%
Butor-Keler A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2019
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vol. 379
31-45
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę dynamicznego rozwoju FinTech, rozumianego jako innowacje w usługach finansowych oparte na nowoczesnych technologiach. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na zagrożenia dla interesów konsumentów wynikające z przemian w tym obszarze, będące w szczególności rezultatem niedostatecznej regulacji, ryzyka wykluczenia cyfrowego, asymetrii informacyjnej, zagrożeń dla prywatności i cyberprzestępczości. Zostały one ocenione na tle najbardziej charakterystycznych przejawów rozwoju FinTech. Przedmiotem analizy były także próby regulacji sektora FinTech w Polsce i na szczeblu Unii Europejskiej. W tym celu dokonano analizy najnowszego ustawodawstwa.
EN
The article discusses dynamic development of FinTech, understood as innovations in financial services based on modern technologies. The aim of the article is to present the threats to consumers’ interests resulting from changes in this area, which are in particular the result of insufficient regulation, risk of digital exclusion, information asymmetry, threats to privacy and cybercrime. They have been evaluated on the background of the most characteristic manifestations of FinTech development. The subject of the analysis was also attempts to regulate the FinTech sector in Poland and at the level of the European Union. For this purpose, the latest legislation has been analyzed.
7

Determinanty rozwoju rynku pożyczek pozabankowych w Polsce - perspektywa ekonomiczna, regulacyjna, technologiczna i socjologiczna

72%
Jakubowska-Branicka I., Walczak B., Waliszewski K.
Ekonomista
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2020
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issue 5
717-739
PL
Opierając się na badaniach wtórnych i pierwotnych dokonano charakterystyki determinant rozwoju rynku pożyczek pozabankowych w Polsce z perspektywy ekonomicznej, regulacyjnej, technologicznej i socjologicznej. Determinanty te wpływają na zmianę modelu instytucji pożyczkowej z uwzględnieniem średniej kwoty pożyczki, kanału dystrybucji i profilu finalnego nabywcy. Od 2015 r. sektor pożyczkowy w Polsce, początkowo zupełnie nieuregulowany systemem prawnym, jest obecnie prawnie uregulowany przepisami w znacznym stopniu ograniczającymi początkowo stosowane lichwiarskie praktyki, a także jest poddany nadzorowi ze strony Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, która od 2017 r. prowadzi publiczny rejestr instytucji pożyczkowych. Klienci zaciągający pożyczki pozabankowe są wykluczeni kaskadowo, a ich zadłużenie pożyczkowe wynika najczęściej z przymusu ekonomicznego. Zapowiedziane zaostrzenie przepisów antylichwiarskich może doprowadzić do całkowitego zaniku tego sektora, przez to obecni jego klienci będą zmuszeni skorzystać z oferty pożyczek w szarej strefie (podziemiu pożyczkowym), gdzie nie obowiązują żadne przepisy prawne i reguły.
EN
Based on secondary and primary research, the determinants of the development of the non-bank loan market in Poland were characterized from an economic and sociological perspective. These determinants influence the change of the lending institution model, taking into account the average loan amount, distribution channel and final buyer profile. From 2015, the loan sector, which was initially completely unregulated by the legal system, is currently legally regulated by provisions that significantly restrict usury practices initially used, and is also supervised by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, which has kept a public register of loan institutions since 2017. Clients taking out non-bank loans are cascaded excluded, and their loan debt is usually due to economic constraint. The announced tightening of anti-usury laws may lead to the complete disappearance of this sector, which means that its current customers will be forced to take advantage of the loan offer in the gray area (loan underground), where no legal regulations or rules apply.
8
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Zagrożenia interesów konsumenta związane z korzystaniem z rachunku bankowego i sposoby ich ograniczania

72%
Harasim J., Niczyporuk A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2017
|
vol. 339
71-94
PL
Posiadanie rachunku bankowego jest wstępem do korzystania z bardziej złożonych usług finansowych, dlatego zagrożenia związane z jego użytkowaniem powinny być minimalizowane. Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie zagrożeń związanych z posiadaniem rachunku bankowego i korzystaniem z usług płatniczych oraz sposobów ich ograniczania. Zidentyfikowano w nim pięć obszarów zagrożeń dotyczących: dostępu do rachunku, korzystania z niego, mobilności konsumenta, bezpieczeństwa cybernetycznego i ochrony danych oraz wynikające z niewystarczającej konkurencji na rynku. Opierając się na źródłach wtórnych (głównie regulacjach i dokumentach UE), wykazano, że minimalizowanie konkretnych rodzajów zagrożeń następuje w formie regulacji prawnych, zaś podnoszenie ogólnego poziomu ochrony interesu konsumenta − drogą działań instytucjonalnych oraz edukacji finansowej.
EN
Having a banking account is usually the first step to use more complicated financial services. Because of that the access to such an account and its use could not be disruptive for consumers. The purpose of the paper is to explore threats concerning usage of a baking account and payment services and ways to reduce them. The five fields of these threats were identified: access to the account, usage of the account, consumer mobility, digital safety and data protection and threats resulting from the insufficient level of market competition. On the basis of desk resources (mostly UE regulations and documents), Authors have proved that particular threats of consumer interests have been reduced by establishing regulations but increasing the general level of consumer protection is not possible without institutional framework and financial education.
9
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Reklama wybranych dóbr i usług w świetle regulacji prawnych i kodeksu etyki reklamy

72%
Ozimek I., Szlachciuk J., Bobola A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2017
|
vol. 330
162-172
PL
Istnieje wiele regulacji prawnych dotyczących reklamy poszczególnych produktów, środków przekazu reklamy, a także kwestii związanych z nieuczciwymi praktykami lub nieuczciwą konkurencją w zakresie reklamy. Obserwowany w ostatnich latach wzrost wydatków na reklamę uzasadnia konieczność prowadzenia działań monitorujących przestrzeganie najwyższych standardów reklamy w Polsce oraz ochronę konsumentów i konkurencji przed nieuczciwym lub nieetycznym przekazem reklamowym. Analiza uchwał podejmowanych przez Komisję Etyki Reklamy wskazuje, że stale zgłaszane są nieprawidłowości w reklamach dotyczące wprowadzania w błąd, naruszające podstawowe wartości społeczne lub zagrażające uczciwej konkurencji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie obowiązujących regulacji prawnych dotyczących reklamy oraz analiza skarg podejmowanych przez Komisję Etyki Reklamy Związku Stowarzyszeń Rada Reklamy w latach 2007-2015.
EN
There are many laws governing the advertising of particular products, advertising media, as well as issues related to dishonest practices or unfair competition in advertising. The increase in advertising expenditure observed in recent years justifies the need to observe the highest advertising standards in Poland and to protect consumers and competitors from unfair or unethical advertising messages. According to an analysis of the decision of the Polish Committee of Advertising Ethics, advertising improprieties related to misleading people, infringing fundamental social values or threatening fair competition are still being reported. The aim of the study is analysis set out of the current legal regulations concerning advertising and an analysis of complaints adopted by the Union of Associations Advertising Council’s Committee of Advertising Ethics in the years 2007-2015.
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