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EN
Lajos Kossuth Letters written for The New York Times in the years 1853-1856 are short essays commenting on current political, social, ethnic and military events associated with the ongoing Crimean War. Originally entitled Democratic Letters on European Matters and American Policy and then Letters from L. Kossuth, written in exile in England during the Crimean War in Europe, create a very specific series of more than 40 numbered texts in which the Hungarian patriot and the independence activist lectured his point of view, made his reflections, often not without sharp criticism of the great superpowers and the United States, sometimes tinged with a hint of bitter irony and black humor. The primary aim of those Letters, as it seems to be, was not only to bring distant events taking place across the ocean closer to the Americans but also to move consciences, to shake out of indifference, to encourage to more active attitudes and actions towards the Old Continent. Kossuth hoped at the same time that the memory of him, sympathy, enthusiasm and kindness showed to him during his stay in the USA in the years 1851-1852 did not expire and would help him in his arduous educational actions of American society.
PL
Faddey Bulgarin [Polish: Tadeusz Bułharyn] (1789–1859) was one of the best-known authors and journalists in the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. A former French army officer (1811–14) who had settled down in St. Petersburg, he was particularly interested in maintaining a good relationship between the two countries. The opinion-making newspaper Severnaya Pchela, edited by him, published information on France regularly. Moreover, Bulgarin dealt with French affairs in his reports and letters to the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, mainly in connection with the Polish question. Bulgarin sought to influence the Russo-French relations in breakthrough moments, such as the French Revolution of July 1830, the Polish November Insurrection 1830–1, the Spring of Nations, and the Crimean War. During the forty years of his activity as a man-of-letters, he successfully broke the stereotypes prevailing among the Russians concerning Napoleon I. This article seeks to analyse several aspects of Bulgarin’s influence on the Russian Empire’s policy toward France.
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