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EN
This paper focuses on the skillfully designed and highly merchandised figure of the otokoyaku – that is, the female impersonator of male roles in Takarazuka Revue, a hugely popular musical theatre in Japan, which celebrated its centennial in 2014. Takarazuka Revue’s version of Gone with the Wind (officially inspired by Margaret Mitchell’s novel, but in fact heavily relying on its film adaptation from 1938) is taken as an example of the ways in which producers of popular culture promote patterns of gender and race. The ambivalence of otokoyaku embodies both the struggles of masculinity as an ongoing project of defining the self in its own core identity and the fantasies of feminine power as a field of desire, resistance and negotiation in the modern world – Japan included. Premiered in 1977 and subsequently staged repeatedly over the next decades due to its unexpected box-office success, Takarazuka Revue’s Gone with the Wind displays Japanese visions on love, family, historical heritage, gender roles and race hierarchies, thus transcending its American origins. It employs the otokoyaku in both main characters, the makeup and outfit visually highlighting Rhett Butler’s idealised masculinity, on the one hand, and simultaneously reinforcing Scarlett O’Hara’s ‘failed femininity’, on the other hand. In light of current discourses on ‘herbivore men’ (sôshoku[kei] danshi) and the loss of ‘masculinity’ in late-modern Japan, Takarazuka Revue version of Gone with the Wind from 2013 is critically observed, in the pursuit for answers to the question whether otokoyaku’s highly stylised stature is a symbol or a symptom of the process of a fading ‘white obsession’ and the emergence of a ‘masculinity of self-sufficiency’ occurring currently worldwide.
PL
Artykuł analizuje konsumpcję (zwłaszcza konsumpcję kulturową) jako sposób manifestowania społecznego statusu. Punktem wyjście autor czyni rozważania Pierre’a Bourdieu. Omówione zostały podstawowe pojęcia teorii francuskiego socjologa, w tym habitus i prezentowana przez niego idea klasowej determinacji konsumpcji. Koncepcja ta we współczesnej socjologii jest podważana, a w każdym razie istotnie rewidowana. Jej oponenci wyrażają pogląd o „wszystkożerności” kulturowej konsumentów o wysokim statusie, w opozycji do stanowiska francuskiego socjologa, wyłożonego zwłaszcza w książce Dystynkcja, które podkreśla ekskluzywny charakter ich konsumpcji. Teza o „wszystkożerności” wyrosła z polemiki z Bourdieu. Jej pierwsi propagatorzy, z Richardem Petersonem na czele, w latach 90. XX wieku poddali empirycznej weryfikacji jego ustalenia. Wyniki tych badań doprowadziły do istotnej rewizji tez zawartych w słynnej książce francuskiego socjologa. Autor niniejszego artykułu podaje kolejne argumenty na rzecz „wszystkożerności” wysoko sytuowanych konsumentów, ilustrując ów pogląd zaczerpniętymi ze źródeł zastanych oraz własnych obserwacji przykładami.
EN
The paper examines consumption (especially cultural consumption) as a way of manifesting social status. The author derives from ideas of Pierre Bourdieu. He discusses the basic notions of his theory, including habitus, and presents his idea of class determination of consumption. This concept is contested or at least revised in contemporary sociology. His opponents claim that consumers of high status are culturally “omnivore”, in opposition to the position of the French sociologist expressed in his book “Distinction”, which emphasized the exclusive nature of their consumption. The thesis of the “omnivorousness” grew from the critical review of Bourdieu. Its early proponents, like Richard Peterson, in the 90s of the twentieth century have given empirical verification of findings of Bourdieu. The results of the research led to the substantial revision of theses stated in the famous book by French sociologist. The author of this paper provides further arguments in favor of “omnivorousness” of high status consumers, illustrating this concept with observed examples or cases obtained from desk research.
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