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1

THE HERITAGE OF MENNONITES IN THE VISTULA VALLEY (Dziedzictwo mennonitów w nadwislanskim krajobrazie kulturowym)

100%
Jankowski A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
|
issue 3-4
413-426
EN
In studies devoted to the history of Dutch settlers in Poland we can often find the opinion that the wooden houses built in the end of the 18th c. and the 19th c. in the Vistula valley are Mennonite houses and can be linked with the Netherlandish building tradition of the 16th c. In fact, all the material traces of the first Mennonite settlers are long gone. In the 18th c., especially after the first partition of Poland, most of the Mennonites left and were replaced by German settlers of Evangelical denomination. Those who decided to stay in the Vistula valley lost their original privileges and were assimilated. The wooden houses which are popularly called 'Dutch', surviving until today in the Vistula valley, are wide-front peasant cottages of log construction, built in the shape of T, with an arcade supported by 4-9 poles. Houses of that sort are of Franconian provenance and appeared in the Vistula valley together with German settlers in the 18th c. In new conditions German settlers replaced the traditional frame construction with the log construction. Only one such house, located in Chrystkowo (district of Swiecie), comes from the 18th c. We do not know anything about the houses built in the Vistula valley in the 16th-18th c. They might have been narrow-front houses with an arcade on the gable (such as the house in Gdansk-Lipce, built in 1572), forming a homestead together with other detached buildings. This kind of house probably developed in the 14th c. in connection with the settlement campaign initiated by the Teutonic Order in Prussia and in the Zulawy. Thus, the Mennonites may have used the local model of homestead, well-tried in a frequently-flooded area. The old tradition derived from the Middle Ages vanished after the wars at the beginning of the 18th c. The nineteenth-century houses in the Vistula valley testify to other tendencies, which emerged with the industrialization of villages under the influence of new groups of settlers and Prussian building regulations.
2

REFLECTIONS ON RIGA CONSTRUCTION HISTORY IN THE 16TH - 17TH CENTURY: RUTGER NIEDERHOFF'S CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE ROYAL COURT IN STOCKHOLM (Pardomas par Rigas buvvesturi 16. - 17. gadsimta: Rutgera Niderhofa sarakste ar karala tiesu Stokholma)

80%
Ancane A.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
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2008
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vol. 11
62-74
EN
The article examines the document held by State Archive in Stockholm - a letter by Riga manufacture owner Rutger Niederhoff to Royal Court in Stockholm from the early 1650s, appealing for a just resolution of his lasting conflict with Riga Town Council. The Council fined Niederhoff for a seemingly illegal building on the old fortification wall. The article compares the facts of the mid-17th century with the present situation on the corresponding building plot in Old Riga; a copy of the correspondence in German, as well as Latvian translation, is added to the publication.
3

JOHANN DANIEL FELSKO'S CONTRIBUTION TO DWELLING HOUSE CONSTRUCTION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (Johana Daniela Felsko ieguldijums dzivojamo eku celtnieciba 19. gadsimta)

70%
Lace D.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2004
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vol. 4
81-94
EN
Publications on 19th-century dwelling architecture in Riga so far have been focused on particular periods. But the issue is not yet examined completely. The article deals with Riga city architect (Stadtbaumeister and Stadtarchitekt) Johann Daniel Felsko's contribution to design, construction and reconstruction of dwelling houses from the 1840s to 1880, invoking analogies detected in Riga and Europe. The study is based on unpublished and unknown original projects that are kept in the Latvian State History Archive, the Riga City Construction Board Archive and the Latvian Museum of Architecture. In terms of style Felsko's dwelling houses are mostly close to Neo-classicist principles and decorative elements that were typical of his early period and later were supplemented with a gradual adoption and use of stylistic and spatial options provided by Historicism. In the 1840s when Felsko started his professional career, having completed his studies at Copenhagen Royal Academy of Art, dwelling houses in Riga were designed and constructed according to exemplary facade albums worked out in Russia. Information on projects accepted at that time has survived in the City Construction Board records where the building's measures and construction foremen are specified. This situation is clearly exemplified by Felsko's approval to build a private dwelling house at the corner of Elizabetes and Kalku Streets. During the next decade construction in Riga was significantly affected by the City port blockade caused by the Crimea War. This favoured a total concern with reconstruction of buildings. Several trends are to be singled out. One of them is related to ground floor reconstructions for the benefit of the owner's business activities. In particular cases a partial or complete removal of historical decorative elements has been detected. The second trend meant extension and setting up of conveniences. Wings of buildings designed after exemplary facades were supplemented with a corridor along the width of the building with an entrance door from the street.
4

Baroka laikmeta dzīvojamais nams Rīgā, Miesnieku ielā 8: Būvvēsture un mākslas vērtības

70%
Ancāne A.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
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2015
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vol. 18
6-17
EN
The house at 8 Miesnieku Street is among Riga’s most outstanding late 17th – early 18th century monuments that have come down to us. This house has fortunately retained its initial basic volume despite several reconstructions and changes of interior layout. Several periods stand out in the construction history of the house at 8 Miesnieku Street. Marten Kröger (also Kruger) acquired the building plot in September 1700 and built a house there the same year. After Kröger’s death in 1702, it was inherited by his son-in-law, Small Guild craft member Christian von der Heyde. There is information that the builder was the city master mason Hinrich Hänicke (also Hönnicke). The house had three floors of dwelling space with office premises on the ground floor, ceremonial and living quarters on the first and second floor as well as two attic floors for the storage of goods and a basement. Both façades feature four pilasters in the Tuscan colossal order along the first and second floor, supporting a very protruding, profiled cornice. The decorative finish of the façades is enhanced by corner rustication. The limestone portal initially faced the main Miesnieku Street but in the early 19th century, it was relocated to the Mūku Street façade. The portal represents the so-called decorative group in which the interpretation of order elements is decorative rather than tectonic. The Miesnieku Street façade has a pompous two-level gable with a rich cascade of volutes and smooth pilasters. This design represents the most lavish type of Riga’s volute gables in the Baroque period architecture. Such an array of elements pointed towards Northern Dutch innovations in residential houses introduced by the noted architect Philips Vingboons around the mid-17th century. Initially the interior could boast of an opulent finish that was subsequently lost in numerous reconstructions and repairs during the later centuries. The plafond painting from the first floor ceremonial room, dismantled during the reconstruction of 1931, is one of the best preserved monuments of Riga’s Baroque interiors, demonstrating the period’s typical local striving towards luxury based on French examples adapted via Sweden and Northern Germany.
5

MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN LATE-19TH-CENTURY BUILDINGS OF KULDIGA (Viduslaiku arhitekturas formu izpausmes Kuldigas 19. gs. otras puses apbuve)

61%
Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2007
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vol. 6
125-136
EN
Kuldiga (Goldingen) is one of Latvian towns whose historical-style buildings feature a particular, original accent valued by its inhabitants. Romantic images of buildings are possibly sought after more than in other small towns. Wooden and stone dwelling and public buildings are always constructed with taste, expressive details and elaborated small parts. One of the most interesting Neo-Gothic buildings is the Court House at 25 Kalna Street (c. 1880). It is a symmetrical two-storey building with a wide central projection, covered by a steep two-pitched roof. Stylistic forms are consistently realised in the splendid façade. Here we see both decorative small towers in the corners and middle part of the projection. Towers rise from the façade at the point where the first-floor ceiling rests, rising quite a lot above the cornice. Cornices entwining the upper part of openings are typically Neo-Gothic and all alike - with somewhat back-bended ends. The Court House could be compared with some buildings designed by Theodor Seiler who was active in Southern Kurzeme, surroundings of Talsi and Kuldiga. Kuldiga stands out by wide-spread use of towers in comparison with other Latvian towns. A massive three-storey tower with battlement and arcature decorates the corner of the building at 2 Pils Street (last quarter of the 19th century). Several important Neo-Gothic details are lost over time, still seen on photos from the 1950s. Kuldiga inhabitants know this Neo-Gothic house by the name of the town mayor Armin Theophil Adolphi. A corner tower similar to that of 2 Pils Street is seen also at 17 Kalna Street (2nd half of the 19th century) but no Neo-Romanesque or Neo-Gothic décor elements are found; they might have been lost during reconstructions. But the very idea of building a tower at the corner of a house dates back to medieval architecture. A bulky hexagonal tower is attached to the building at 35/37 Liepajas Street that is a part of the present hospital complex but from 1912 to 1932 housed a post office and the tower was used for the needs of telegraph.
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