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EN
We examined a group of 77 autistic children (61 boys, 16 girls) of an average age 9.1 ± 5.3 years. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), IQ test and 21 channel EEG (including night sleep EEG recording) were applied. It was possible to obtain evaluable EEG records in 63 patients. Missing EEG records were mostly due to noncooperation on the part of the autistic children. There were 28 normal EEGs (44.4%), 11 non-epileptiform abnormal EEGs (17.5%), and 24 abnormal EEGs with epileptiform discharges (38.1%). Using the median test, we compared the psychopathology in these three groups. No significant difference in the total CARS score was found among the groups. In the analysis of CARS items, there was only one significant difference among the groups in the 10th item - Fear or Nervousness (chi2 = 7.963, df = 2, p = 0.019).
PL
Cel badań. Celem niniejszego badania była analiza dynamiki zmienności wartości fal Theta i Beta w grupach eksperymentalnej i kontrolnej po kolejnych sesjach biofeedback oraz określenie optymalnej liczby jednostek treningowych wystarczających do osiągnięcia celu badania, jakim była poprawa szybkości reakcji w badanej grupie zawodników judo. Metoda. W badaniu wzięło udział 12 mężczyzn – zawodników kadry narodowej Polskiego Związku Judo. Zawodnicy uczestniczyli w dwóch cyklach treningowych, każdy po 15 sesji. Czas trwania treningu wynosił 4 minuty. W pierwszej sesji treningi odbywały się co drugi dzień. Druga seria badań, która odbyła się po czterotygodniowej przerwie, charakteryzowała się tym samym czasem trwania, jednak treningi odbywały się codziennie. Komputerowy test szybkości reakcji oraz wybrane próby systemu wiedeńskiego zostały wykonane przed oraz po zakończeniu każdego cyklu treningowego. Zawodnicy wykonywali trening na podstawie protokołu beta1/theta przy użyciu oprogramowania Biograf Infiniti 6.0 oraz 5 – kanałowego urządzenia dekodującego ProComp5 z sensorem EEG. Wyniki. Szczegółowa analiza wyników pokazuje, że zastosowanie treningu biofeedback, który przyczynił się do poprawy szybkości reakcji, znacząco wpływa na dynamikę aktywności fal mózgowych. Wnioski. Trening neurofeedback u zawodników judo może prowadzić do polepszenia wyników związanych z poprawą szybkości reakcji. Konieczne są jednak dalsze badania na szerszej grupie zawodników.
EN
Purpose of research. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of the variability of the Theta and Beta waves in the experimental and control groups after successive biofeedback sessions, and to determine the optimal number of biofeedback training units to achieve the goal of the study, which was to improve the reaction speed in the experimental group. Method. 12 men, members of the national team of the Polish Judo Association took part in the study. The competitors participated in two training cycles. Each cycle consisted of 15 training sessions. The duration of the training was 4 minutes. In the first session, training was held every other day. The second series of tests, which took place after a four-week break, was characterized by the same duration, but the training was held every day. A computer test of reaction speed and selected tests of the Vienna system were carried out before and after each training cycle. The competitors performed the training based on the beta1 / theta protocol using the Biograf Infiniti 6.0 software and a 5-channel ProComp5 decoding device with an EEG sensor. Results. Analysis of the results shows that the application of biofeedback training, which contributed to the improvement of reaction speed, significantly affects the dynamics of brain wave activity. Conclusions. There has been great interest in research in delivering the importance of training the EEG-biofeedback in sport. There are many unresolved issues and inconsistent conclusions, which need to be explained. It is necessary to perform research in more cases and to determine the optimal training methodology, which will lead to the proposal of practical suggestions, taking into account individual disciplines and sports competitions.
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EN
Decision making is one of the biggest mysteries of human brain and behavior. Every decision is a choice that, in principle, could have gone differently. It is a fork on the road of decision making. Standing before that choice, you can choose to go one way or the other, but after you have chosen, you cannot go back. Every human being knows very well what it feels like to make a decision. But what we generally do not realize is why we make choices we make. We cannot identify the sources of our decisions. Especially when they are the everyday choices we make like as consumers. We offer in this paper the way of better understanding of decision making process using the EEG. In this paper we try to identify what happened in consumer brain during each step of decision making process.
PL
Podejmowanie decyzji jest jedną z największych tajemnic ludzkiego mózgu i zachowania. Każda decyzja to wybór, który w zasadzie może różnie przebiegać. Stojąc przed takim wyborem, można wybrać kierunek w jedną lub drugą stronę, ale po podjęciu tej decyzji nie można już zawrócić. Każdy człowiek dobrze wie, jakie to uczucie, gdy podejmuje się decyzje. Ale nie zdajemy sobie sprawy, dlaczego dokonujemy takich, a nie innych wyborów. Nie możemy również zidentyfikować źródła naszych decyzji. Zwłaszcza gdy są to codzienne wybory, których dokonujemy jako konsumenci. W niniejszym opracowaniu ukazujemy sposób lepszego zrozumienia procesu podejmowania decyzji z wykorzystaniem EEG. W artykule staraliśmy się ustalić, co dzieje się w mózgu konsumenta podczas każdego etapu procesu decyzyjnego.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy możliwości wykorzystania metod obrazowania funkcjonowania ośrodkowego układu nerwowego jako alternatywy dla badań poligraficznych. Przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące badań z wykorzystaniem rejestracji aktywności bioelektrycznej mózgu (EEG) oraz badań z wykorzystaniem funkcjonalnego rezonansu magnetycznego (fMRI). Następnie szczegółowo omówiono prowadzone do tej pory badania wykrywania skrywanych informacji przy wykorzystaniu analizy potencjału P300 oraz badania nad wykrywaniem oszukiwania za pomocą fMRI. Skupiono się zarówno na rzetelności uzyskiwanych wyników, jak i trudnościach metodologicznych związanych z przeprowadzaniem tego typu badań. Ze względu na to, że badania wykorzystujące EEG i fMRI w celu wykrywania zatajonych informacji i oszukiwania prowadzone są od niecałych 30 lat w wypadku EEG, a w wypadku fMRI nieco ponad 10 lat, zarysowany został również problem związany z małą ilością danych z badań na temat wpływu różnic indywidualnych na rzetelność wnioskowania.
EN
The Author discusses the possibility of imaging of central nervous system activity being the alternative for lie-detector (Polygraph) examination. In the paper, the basic information on examination with use of recording the bioelectrical activity of the brain (EEG) as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been presented. This is followed by a detailed discussion of examination of concealed information with use of p300 potential and detection of deceit by means of fMRI. The Author focuses on the aspects of reliability of findings and methodology problems related to conduct of such examinations. Due to the fact that EEG and fMRI application in detecting concealed information is a quite recent phenomenon (30 and 10 years respectively), the problem of scarce data on dependence of individual variation on reliability of concluding has been also stressed out.
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2022
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vol. 21
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issue 1
23-47
EN
The review article focuses on the potential development of Artificial Intelligence by extracting fixed patterns and regularities that enable the improvement and refinement of advanced analyses in the field of artificial neural network learning. Is conducted through the prism of the neurocognitive view of Alzheimer's disease as a potential set of neurocognitive patterns constituting a potential source of resources for the development of artificial intelligence. It is closely related to encephalography, both used to detect pathological dementia changes, and the analysis of brain activity itself, showing the existence of repeated regularities. These patterns, analogic in the astrophysical Lagrandrean mapping analysis of the galaxy, seem to have the potential to develop Artificial Intelligence. Especially, following the idea of perceiving Alzheimer's disease as a global functional desynchronisation, global neurodegenerative changes may provide potential resources that, through mathematical and algebraic transformations, to serve as a foundation for the development of Artificial Intelligence.
PL
Artykuł poglądowy zorientowany jest na wyeksponowanie potencjalnego rozwoju Sztucznej Inteligencji na drodze wyłuskiwania (za pomocą uczenia maszynowego, uczenia głębokiego oraz innych matematycznych obliczeń) stałych wzorców i prawidłowości, które umożliwiają usprawnienie i udoskonalenie zaawansowanych analiz w dziedzinie uczenia sztucznych sieci neuronowych. Narracja prowadzona jest przez pryzmat neurokognitywistycznego spojrzenia na chorobę Alzheimera jako na potencjalny zbiór neurokognitywnych wzorców stanowiących potencjalne źródło zasobów dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji. Związane jest to ściśle z encefalografią, zarówno służącą do detekcji patologicznych zmian demencyjnych, jak i samej analizy aktywności mózgu, wykazującej istnienie powtarzających prawidłowości. Te powtarzające się wzorce, jak w przypadku astrofizycznych lagrandreowskich analiz umożliwiających mapowanie galaktyki, zdają się wykazywać potencjał do rozwoju Sztucznej Inteligencji. Zwłaszcza, kierując się myślą o ujęciu choroby Alzheimera jako globalnej desynchronizacji funkcjonowania i spoglądając wówczas na globalne zmiany neurodegeneracyjne jako na potencjalne zasoby, które poprzez matematyczne i algebraiczne przekształcenia, posłużyć mogą za płodne podłoże dla rozwoju Sztucznej Inteligencji.
EN
In the article the character of relationship between brain processes and subjective experience is considered. Based on the concept of consciousness as a emergent property of complex brain processes (Sperry, 1969), the authors postulate that mood, as a psychophysiological phenomenon, can be studied using laboratory methods. The experiment is an attempt to establish the relationship between reported mood, described by Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List - ADACL (Thayer 1989) and spectral power density of the brain waves in spontaneous EEG. The results show, that estimation of mood on the Energy-Sleep dimension is correlated negatively with alpha activity and the Tension-Placidity dimension is correlated negatively with theta band power. This may lead to conclusion, that specific variability of brain activation states is differentiated in verbal reports.
EN
The attentional blink(AB) is a deficit in reporting the second (T2) of two targets (T1, T2) when presented in close temporal succession and within a stream of distractor stimuli. The AB has received a great deal of attention in the past two decades because it allows to study the mechanisms that influence the rate and depth of information processing in various setups and therefore provides an elegant way to study correlates of conscious perception in supra-threshold stimuli. Recently evidence has accumulated suggesting that oscillatory signals play a significant role in temporally coordinating information between brain areas. This review focuses on studies looking into oscillatory brain activity in the AB. The results of these studies indicate that the AB is related to modulations in oscillatory brain activity in the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. These modulations are sometimes restricted to a circumscribed brain area but more frequently include several brain regions. They occur before targets are presented as well as after the presentation of the targets. We will argue that the complexity of the findings supports the idea that the AB is not the result of a processing impairment in one particular process or brain area, but the consequence of a dynamic interplay between several processes and/or parts of a neural network.
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The Displaced Dispositif

88%
EN
“Dispositif” is a term used in film studies since the 1970s to describe the entire system of mechanical and human factors which together bring about the cinema experience. It therefore refers to (amongst other things) the space of the auditorium, the screen, the projection technology and the physiology of the spectator. Many of its qualifying components are masked from the view of participants in the system. The dispositif’s purpose is to set up the conditions for a specific type of cognitive experience, one which mirrors and extends (and in some readings, controls) the experience of its participants.The Displaced Dispositif is a performance designed for the space of a cinema theatre, but featuring the projection of fragments of early silent cinema on a coeval (1910s) film projector from the auditorium. The film fragments are live-scored by the sound artist, Shaun Lewin, using a combination of closely mic’d sources on the projector itself, luminance data from the projected image and EEG brainwave data recorded from participants during previous projections of the film. Displacing elements in the dispositif in this way, by shifting modalities, situating in parallel, feeding back and layering, draws attention to its hidden existence and creates the potential for a more knowing and informed participation in the cinema experience. It also serves to demonstrate the degree to which dispositifs of modern cinema spectatorship, which have morphed and proliferated since the widespread digitization of film heritage, have radically altered both the technological and experiential qualities of the medium. By integrating EEG data, the performance adds the dimension of electrophysiological experience to the long tradition within experimental cinema of artists calling attention to Cinema’s hidden structures. As well as challenging the dominance of the worldview propagated by the film industry, the performance also signals a means of re-engaging with the creative potential of the system itself, once unshackled from its bonds to the reality effect and freed from the limits imposed by its commercializing instincts.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Displaced Dispositif

88%
EN
“Dispositif” is a term used in film studies since the 1970s to describe the entire system of mechanical and human factors which together bring about the cinema experience. It therefore refers to (amongst other things) the space of the auditorium, the screen, the projection technology and the physiology of the spectator. Many of its qualifying components are masked from the view of participants in the system. The dispositif’s purpose is to set up the conditions for a specific type of cognitive experience, one which mirrors and extends (and in some readings, controls) the experience of its participants.The Displaced Dispositif is a performance designed for the space of a cinema theatre, but featuring the projection of fragments of early silent cinema on a coeval (1910s) film projector from the auditorium. The film fragments are live-scored by the sound artist, Shaun Lewin, using a combination of closely mic’d sources on the projector itself, luminance data from the projected image and EEG brainwave data recorded from participants during previous projections of the film. Displacing elements in the dispositif in this way, by shifting modalities, situating in parallel, feeding back and layering, draws attention to its hidden existence and creates the potential for a more knowing and informed participation in the cinema experience. It also serves to demonstrate the degree to which dispositifs of modern cinema spectatorship, which have morphed and proliferated since the widespread digitization of film heritage, have radically altered both the technological and experiential qualities of the medium. By integrating EEG data, the performance adds the dimension of electrophysiological experience to the long tradition within experimental cinema of artists calling attention to Cinema’s hidden structures. As well as challenging the dominance of the worldview propagated by the film industry, the performance also signals a means of re-engaging with the creative potential of the system itself, once unshackled from its bonds to the reality effect and freed from the limits imposed by its commercializing instincts.
EN
Due to the last two decades of escalated technical development IQ researchers nowadays have to integrate some new pieces of empirical evidence coming from neuroscience. At the beginning of the 21st century the research of the neural background of intelligence arrived to a new chapter owing to the simple availability of functional imaging techniques, like fMRI and other neuro-physiological methods (e.g. EEG). To extend our results and to move on we need to clarify the relationship of data and organize our knowledge. In this review we summarize results on the neural background of intelligence that derive from clinical or normal, child or adult samples. The data suggest that intelligence is supported by a distributed integrated neural network.
EN
Introduction. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system which is caused by an infectious protein called prion. Multiple forms of CJD have been classified including sporadic (more than 90% cases), familial, iatrogenic and variant type of disease. CJD, especially in its early stages, is a highly challenging illness to diagnose. Aim. Article aims to present cases of Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease with early symptoms of rapidly progressing dementia at the initial stage of CJD. Description of the cases. This paper describes two cases of patients with suspected CJD with a history of rapidly progressive dementia admitted to the Department of Neurology, MSWiA Hospital in Rzeszów. Conclusion. Despite the fact that CJD is an incurable illness and there is no cure guaranteeing recovery, it is important to make the right diagnosis. Assay of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid is a sensitive and specific marker which is helpful in the diagnosis of CJD. The only relevant method of correctly confirming a diagnosis of this disease is by performing a brain biopsy.
PL
Neuronauka poznawcza, zwana też neurokognitywistyką (ang. cognitive neuroscience) jest częścią neurobiologii, psychologii, matematyki, fizyki i wielu innych dziedzin, które włączają do swoich programów badania umysłu. W ostatnich trzech dekadach neuronauka gwałtownie się rozwinęła, co jest prostą konsekwencją rozwoju nowych technik badania mózgu. Techniki te pozwoliły przyjrzeć się mózgowi podczas pracy oraz szukać związków między jego stanami a stanami umysłu. Ideami wypracowanymi przez neuronaukę poznawczą zainteresowały się inne dziedziny, tworząc kolejne interdyscyplinarne obszary dociekań, takie jak np.: neurofilozofia, neurolingwistyka, neuroekonomia czy neuromarketing. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych metod neuronauki poznawczej, stosowanych do badania preferencji konsumentów.
EN
Cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary area of study that has emerged from many other fields, most significantly neuroscience, psychology, mathematics, physics and other sciences, which include studies of mind in their programs. During the last three decades the neuroscience rapidly developed what is a simple consequence of the development of new techniques for examining the brain. These techniques allowed to observe the brain during the work and to search for links between his states and states of the mind. Other fields became interested in ideas developed by the cognitive neuroscience and created another interdisciplinary areas of research, such as: neurophilosophy, neurolinguistics, neuroeconomics and neuromarketing. The aim of this article is to present basic cognitive neuroscience methods used to study consumer preferences.
EN
Nervous system is the most “electric” system in the human body. The research of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of different frequencies on its functioning have been carried out for years. This paper presents the results of the scientific literature review on the EMF influence on the functioning of the human nervous system with a particular emphasis on the recent studies of the modern wireless communication and data transmission systems. In the majority of the analyzed areas the published research results do not show EMF effects on the nervous system, except for the influence of GSM telephony signal on resting EEG and EEG during patients’ sleep and the influence of radiofrequency EMF on the cardiovascular regulation. In other analyzed areas (EMF impact on sleep, the evoked potentials and cognitive processes), there are no consistent results supporting any influence of electromagnetic fields. Neurophysiological studies of the effect of radio- and microwaves on the brain functions in humans are still considered inconclusive. This is among others due to, different exposure conditions, a large number of variables tested, deficiencies in repeatability of research and statistical uncertainties. However, methodological guidelines are already available giving a chance of unifying research that definitely needs to be continued in order to identify biophysical mechanisms of interaction between EMFs and the nervous system. One of the EMF research aspects, on which more and more attention is paid, are inter-individual differences. Med Pr 2016;67(3):411–421
PL
W organizmie ludzkim do układów najbardziej „elektrycznych” należy układ nerwowy oparty na elektroprzewodzących sieciach neuronalnych. W związku z tym od lat prowadzone są badania mające na celu sprawdzenie wpływu pól elektromagnetycznych (PEM) o różnych częstotliwościach na jego funkcjonowanie. W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki przeglądu literatury naukowej poświęconej oddziaływaniu PEM na funkcjonowanie ludzkiego układu nerwowego, przy czym szczególny nacisk położono na najnowsze prace dotyczące współczesnych bezprzewodowych systemów łączności i transmisji danych. Wyniki opublikowanych prac w większości analizowanych obszarów nie wykazują wpływu PEM na układ nerwowy. Wyjątkami są oddziaływanie sygnału telefonii GSM na zapis EEG – spoczynkowy i podczas snu badanych osób – oraz wpływ częstotliwości radiofalowych na regulację układu krążenia. W pozostałych analizowanych obszarach (wpływ na sen, potencjały wywołane i procesy poznawcze) nie ma spójnych wyników prac świadczących zdecydowanie o oddziaływaniu PEM. Neurofizjologiczne badania wpływu fal radiowych i mikrofal na funkcje mózgu u ludzi nie przyniosły dotychczas jednoznacznych wyników. Przyczynami tego są m.in. różne warunki ekspozycji, duża liczba badanych zmiennych, brak powtarzalności badań i wątpliwości natury statystycznej. Istnieją już jednak wskazówki metodyczne dające szansę na ujednolicenie badań, które zdecydowanie nadal powinny być prowadzone, żeby określić biofizyczne mechanizmy oddziaływania PEM na układ nerwowy. Jednym z aspektów, na które coraz częściej zwraca się uwagę, jest uwzględnianie w badaniach oddziaływania PEM różnic osobniczych. Med. Pr. 2016;67(3):411–421
EN
The author compares concrete dualistic conceptions of the mind with an argument for neural dependence based on a new success in mapping brain activity. The result is an uncovering of the fallacies of this latter argument and a provisioning of insights valid for dualism and the philosophy of mind in general. In 2018, Adrin Nestor’s team published their breakthroughs in brain-reading in visual perception using EEG. Similar advances in neuroscience bolster an argumentative strategy that Paul Churchland refers to as the neural dependency argument. The author polemically compares this argumentation with the theses of the prominent dualist Richard Swinburne. Subsequently, he concludes that the failure of the neural dependence argument in this comparison is due to an overestimation of the theoretical implications of modern neuroscience, a misunderstanding of dualism and the inability to define the boundaries of the physical dependency of the mental. In the concluding portion of the article, general consequences are drawn from the comparison between the two opposing positions referred to above: opponents of dualism commit a circular argument as they consider interactionism to be a condition of dualism. They confuse identity for coincidence, correlation and causation. Last but not least, they also unjustifiably identify the place of appearance with the place of occurrence.
CS
Autor článku konfrontuje konkrétní dualistické koncepce mysli a argument z neurální závislosti založený na novém úspěchu v mapování aktivit mozku. Výsledkem je odhalení chyb tohoto argumentu a poznatky platné pro dualismus a filosofii mysli obecně. Tým Adrina Nestora zveřejnil v roce 2018 úspěchy, jichž dosáhl při čtení obsahu mysli v oblasti vizuální percepce pomocí EEG. Podobné pokroky neurověd posilují argumentační strategii, kterou Paul Churchland označuje jako argument z neurální závislosti. Tuto argumentaci autor stati polemicky porovnává s tezemi prominentního dualisty Richarda Swinburna. Následně dovozuje, že za neúspěchem argumentu z neurální závislosti v této konfrontaci stojí přecenění teoretických dopadů moderní neurovědy, nepochopení dualismu a neschopnost vymezit hranice fyzické závislosti mentálního. V závěrečné části stati jsou z konfrontace dvou výše zmíněných protikladných stanovisek vyvozeny obecné důsledky: Odpůrci dualismu se dopouští argumentace kruhem, neboť považují interakcionismus za podmínku dualismu. Zaměňují identitu za koincidenci, korelaci a kauzalitu. V neposlední řadě také nezdůvodněně identifikují místo patrnosti s místem výskytu.
EN
The study aims to explore the spectral properties of flow and antiflow states. 20 young male participants played a collision-avoidance computer-game while their spectral EEG activity have been measured. Flow, boredom, and anxiety conditions were differentiated with the help of personal adjustment of the game speeds. Personal baseline values were obtained with an objective and a subjective preliminary skill measurement on the same computer-game. The spectral activities of the subjects through the three conditions showed that generally under the flow condition the activity is lower than in the anxiety condition, but higher than in the boredom condition regarding delta, theta, beta, and gamma spectra. More importantly the temporal dynamics shows, that initially in flow and anxiety conditions an ascending activity can be observed, whereas after a climax in the activity graph a strong decline appears in the flow condition (beta and gamma), while this is weakly or not at all present in the anxiety condition, and an increase appears in the boredom condition. Our results support the hypofrontality hypothesis of flow and points out the importance of measuring flow in its temporal dynamics. The behavioural data does not support the idea of flow as a mechanism for effectance-optimalisation, but rather as a mechanism for optimalising for the maximalisation of gaining information and/or experience.
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