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1

THE MONKS OF BYZANTINE EGYPT (4-7TH CENTURIES). AN ATTEMPT AT A COLLECTIVE PORTRAIT (Stan mnichow w Egipcie bizantyjskim (IV-VIII wiek). Proba nakreslenia zbiorowego portretu)

100%
Wipszycka E.
U Schyłku Starożytności. Studia Źrodłoznawcze
|
2009
|
vol. 8
175-215
EN
The portrait of the monastic milieu in Byzantine Egypt, as presented in this paper, has no pretence of being complete. It uses various sources: literary texts (apophthegms, in particular), documents written on papyrus and ostraca, remains of monks' dwellings. It aims at throwing light on a number of points, such as: the procedures necessary for a candidate to enter a monastic community; the monks' social background; literacy among the monks; hierarchic order regulating community life; the monks' everyday interpersonal relationships, especially the kinds of conflicts arising among them and the ways of solving them; the mobility of the monks before the introduction of the principle of stabilitas loci; the attitude of the Church and of public opinion towards those who gave up the cowl.
2

ZÁSAHY KAMBÝSA II. DO FUNGOVANIA HOSPODÁRSTVA PERZSKEJ RÍŠE

100%
Habaj M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1
30 – 39
EN
Cambyses II is known for his Egyptian campaign. Following article deals with the previous period and his possible economical reforms. Based upon Babylonian administrative tablets, the study shows the militarization of Babylonian economy in the frame of his military preparation. The main target of his policy influenced the prices as well and the author suggests that there were important Babylonian financial involvements into Cambysesʼ campaign, what kept the inflation growing.
3

Polish Excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta. Preliminary Report 2002-2003

100%
Chlodnicki M., Cialowicz M.
Archeologia
|
2004
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vol. 55
47-74
EN
The authors and contributors: Ablamowicz R., Debowska J., Jucha M., Kirkowski R., and Maczynska A. report on the 2002 and 2003, fieldworks carried out at Tell el-Farkha for two months each season. The main goal was to reach earlier layers at the Western and Central Koms as well as continue examination of graves from the cemetery previously discovered at the Eastern Kom. During these campaigns western parts of monumental Naqadian complex and Lower Egyptian buildings as well as a brewery from transitional layers were discovered. All of these were located at the Western Kom. Main discoveries at the Central Kom were buildings connected with the Naqada III period. Excavations at the Eastern Kom yielded remains of a circular building (8 m in diameter) and six new graves, including two two-chamber tombs, two one-chamber and two pit graves without offerings.
4

Archaeological Excavations in Marea, Egypt. Campaings 2002-2003

100%
Szymanska H., Babraj K.
Archeologia
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2004
|
vol. 55
119-130
EN
During two campaigns 2002-2003 the Polish mission continued excavations in the complex of the 6th - early 8th century bath discovered in the two previous seasons. A well operated by a saqiyah from which water had been supplied to the bath has been cleared. A funerary chapel lying to the southwest of the bath was also entirely explored. The other objective of the excavations was the 6th century basilica, where an apse with two crypts has been unearthed. Below the apse a kiln for firing amphorae came to light. The work in the basilica will be continued.
5

EGYPTIAN SEPULCHRAL PORTRAITS FROM THE 1ST-4TH C. AD (Portret sepulkralny z terenów Egiptu w I-IV w. n.e.)

100%
Baran M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 3-4
335-348
EN
The article is concerned with the varied terminology applied in the literature on the so-called Faiyum portraits. It discusses the terms most commonly used in publications, explains their origin and meaning, and finally suggests how they should be applied or what they should be replaced with. In both older and newer literature of the subject we can find several terms referring to Egyptian sepulchral pictures. They are often used interchangeably and inconsistently. The most frequent term is the 'mummy portrait', linking two-dimensional Faiyum paintings with mummies and with funeral rites, which does not seem accurate since the question of their sepulchral function has not yet been settled. The term is also used with reference to three-dimensional gilded and cartonnage masks from a different period. Apart from the term 'mummy portrait' there is a widely used notion of 'Faiyum portraits', which is derived from the Faiyum Oasis, where the first examples of portraits dated to the 1st-4th c. CE were found. Nowadays we know of specimen of such portraits from all over Egypt and from other territories. Another term is the 'coffin portrait', which is clearly wrong, as the portraits in question were never attached to coffins. Some terms applied to Faiyum portraits are connected with the painting technique or the material. For example the term 'encaustic portrait' refers to the technique of painting with wax on an unprimed surface, while the 'tempera portrait' was painted on a primed surface with tempera paints. Those notions, as well as the term 'easel portrait', are certainly overused and applied interchangeably with the term 'mummy portrait', although the works in question were also painted with other media and on varied surfaces. It should be stressed that not all funeral portraits painted on canvas and included in the Faiyum group were directly connected with mummies. In the relevant period in Egyptian funeral rites in addition to shrouds and mummy portraits there was a place for draperies, which decorated the tomb during burial feasts; they showed the deceased person in the company of Anubis and Osiris. In order to clarify the terminology concerning the Egyptian painting of the 1st-4th c. it is necessary to use certain terms consistently in certain contexts. Egyptian painting can be divided into several groups: pictures on everyday items, wall paintings, pictures on canvas and papyrus (including wall draperies, funeral draperies and illuminations of magic texts) and easel paintings. It is the last group that should include propaganda portraits, satirical and genre painting, religious pictures and commemorative images, with a separate category for imagines clipeatae, imagines maiorum and the images of family members in altars, which in various publications have been included in the category of mummy portraits (e.g. in K. Parlaska's catalogue). The meaning of the traditional term 'Faiyum portraits' should be narrowed to two-dimensional portraits painted on wood (panel portraits) and on canvas, including portraits showing only the face of the deceased person, portraits attached to mummies and funeral shrouds. The category should not include draperies. The terms which refer to the origin, authorship or addressees of this type of painting, such as 'Greco-Egyptian portraits' or 'Roman-Egyptian portraits' should be abandoned due to the complexity of the issue. The consistent application of the terms presented will allow scholars to avoid categorizing together artefacts of different function, origin, technique, character and chronology.
6

EXCAVATIONS AT TELL EL-RETABA IN 1977, 1978 AND 1981 – PART 2

100%
Hudáková Ľ., Hudec J.
Asian and African Studies
|
2017
|
vol. 26
|
issue 2
163 – 184
EN
In Part 2 the article brings the finds from the season 1978. The fragment of a stela found in level IV of the Central Test Pit resembles Ramesside ‘Horbeit stelae’; it was already re-used, similar to some other Ramesside stone objects at Tell el-Retaba, in early Third Intermediate Period. An excursus focuses on other inscribed and decorated stone fragments from the tell. In 1981, parts of Petrie’s Wall 2 and Wall 3 were unearthed, measured and described, among other structures in the 125 meters long eastern profile of the pipeline trench. The trench was dug out by the Egyptian authorities in the centre of the tell, cutting it into two parts in N-S direction. Petrie’s Walls as well as some other loci documented in the profile are re-evaluated; the same concerns the burials discovered in the trench northwards of the tell. Date of yet another burials uncovered in the central southern part of the tell is re-considered with the conclusion that, as other child (jar) burials discovered at Tell el-Retaba, they are part of cemeteries at defence walls (in or outside the fortress), used during the New Kingdom from the late 18th/early 19th Dynasty onwards.
7
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SÚČASNÉ PODOBY LITERÁRNEJ CENZÚRY V EGYPTE

100%
Bešková K.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 4
84 – 101
EN
This essay aims to analyse various forms of literary censorship in present-day Egypt. Since the abolishment of institutional censorship of literature and the press in the 1970s, the main instruments of silencing speech that is perceived as offensive or dangerous have been the Egyptian Penal Code and blasphemy lawsuits, based on the Islamic principle calledḥisba. The paper explores the relationship between censorship and the perception of literature among the reading public. It also discusses some of the famous blasphemy trials such as the one with the academic Naṣr Abū Zayd or the writer Aḥmad Nājī.
8

CZECHOSLOVAK-EGYPTIAN RELATIONS AT THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR: THE WAY TO A PRAGMATIC PARTNERSHIP

88%
Taterová E.
Asian and African Studies
|
2022
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vol. 31
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issue 2
318 – 339
EN
This study examines the turbulent development of Czechoslovak-Egyptian relations from 1948 to 1955. The initially rather strained relations in the late 1940s were replaced by a close partnership between the two countries that resulted in the development of various projects in the fields of political, economic, military, cultural, and scientific cooperation. Such a shift was encouraged both by the internal political changes in Egypt following the events of the July Revolution in 1952 led by the Free Officers Movement, and also by the changing priorities of the Eastern Bloc in the Middle East and North Africa. Czechoslovakia as a Soviet satellite echoed to some extent Soviet attitudes towards the region. The detailed examination of Czech archival sources confirms the importance of Czechoslovak involvement in Egypt at the onset of the Cold War for the whole Eastern Bloc, as in the 1950s Czechoslovakia was not only able to use its former experience and contacts in the country to become one of the most active socialist countries in the area but these activities also had a significant international impact on both the contemporary political situation in the region and the development of the Cold War rivalries that later escalated during the famous Suez Crisis (1956).
9

GODDESS MAFDET IN EGYPTIAN PYRAMID TEXTS (Bogini Mafdet w egipskich tekstach piramid)

88%
Antoniewicz A.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2009
|
issue 3-4 (230-231)
138-143
EN
The main aim of the paper is an attempt to analyse the function of the goddess Mafdet in the Pyramid Texts, the earliest corpus of ancient Egyptian religious texts. Her role in the Egyptian religion seems to be underestimated. The reason for that is her marginal appearance in the documents later than the Old Kingdom. However, an examination of the spells from the Pyramid Texts, where Mafdet is mentioned, allows us to assume that in the Third Millennium B.C. she belonged to the group of deities most closely associated with the king.
10

BRITAIN’S EFFORT TO CONTINUE ITS TUTELAGE OF EGYPT AFTER THE WW II, 1945 – 1947

88%
Sorby K. R.
Asian and African Studies
|
2018
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vol. 27
|
issue 2
125 – 142
EN
In May 1945, when WW II ended, in Egypt a long-pent-up flood of nationalist sentiment became apparent. Not only the Egyptian politicians, but the public as well felt that Britain should at last leave Egypt entirely and accept the unity of the Nile Valley (Egypt and Sudan). Instead Britain was trying to bring pressure on Egypt to join a Western defence pact, while British troops remained on Egyptian soil as a constant provocation to the wishes of the Egyptians. Against a background of anti-British upheaval, the labour foreign secretary Ernest Bevin accepted the principle of total British withdrawal from Egypt, despite bitter attacks from the conservative opposition led by Winston Churchill. However, the opportunity for a settlement collapsed over Sudan. The British government had not accepted the notion of Egyptian-Sudanese unity because the British military held that, in the event of a withdrawal from Egypt, it was even more essential to retain control of Sudan.
11
Content available remote

ABUSIR NECROPOLIS IN PROSPECTING AND RESEARCH

88%
Hašek V., Maštera L., Vachala B.
Študijné zvesti
|
2011
|
issue 49
83 - 114
EN
Since 1976 up to the present, the Czech Institute of Egyptology at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague has conducted systematic researches at Abusir necropolis, located 25 km away from Cairo. However, uncovering of the mastaba of Ptahshepses took place already between 1960 and 1974. Apart from Egyptologists, also experts from various scientific and technical institutions participated in these works. In 1978 to 1981 and in 2002, geophysics and geological analyses of building materials became a part of this activity. In the recent period, also results of satellite photography were used in a large extent. Using all these tools, a number of tombs and temples were uncovered from both the period of the Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th dynasty) and the Late Period (6th century BC). The compared results of prospecting and archaeological uncovering on individual structures of Abusir necropolis document the usefulness of team cooperation during localizing the abovementioned types of structures in the arid conditions of Egypt.
12

LEPSIUS No. XXV: A PROBLEM OF TYPOLOGY

88%
Magdolen D.
Asian and African Studies
|
2008
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2
205 - https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/100213004_Magdolen.pdf223
EN
The author discusses several problems related to the typological determination of the tomb known as Lepsius no. XXV (L 25) recently excavated by the Czech Institute of Egyptology (Charles University in Prague) at Abusir in Egypt. The archaeological excavations revealed a large tomb with badly damaged tomb's superstructure and substructure. The whole tomb can be divided into two parts, eastern and western. In both parts of the tomb's substructure a descending corridor built in the north-south direction and remains of the burial chamber were uncovered. In the eastern part of the tomb's superstructure an entrance with part of a corridor leading deeper into the core of the superstructure was discovered. No traces of any relief decoration were preserved. Some graffiti were found during the excavations including inscriptions in which two signs for the pyramid occur. Very modest remains of the burial equipment and other artefacts including anthropological finds were also discovered during the excavations. In several publications this tomb was described by the excavators as a double pyramid. This study challenges the conclusion that L 25 is to be interpreted as the double pyramid. In this paper the author argues in favour of an alternative interpretation, according to which the architectural remains of the L 25 tomb from the typological point of view indicate rather a mastaba than a double pyramid.
13

IRAQ UNDER THE RULE OF CABDASSALĀM CĀRIF (1963 – 1966)

88%
Sorby K. R.
Asian and African Studies
|
2013
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
89 – 111
EN
Despite Prime Minister cAbdalkarīm Qāsim’s refusal to join the United Arab Republic during his reign (1958 – 1963), the pan-Arab dynamic continued to be a persistent feature of Iraqi politics. This could be illustrated by the policies of his successor cAbdassalām cĀrif, who participated in a series of summit talks with the Egyptian president, and in 1964 the two countries prepared plans for the integration of their military and economic policies with the intention of achieving full union in 1966. In order to bring Iraq’s economic structure into alignment with Egypt, cAbdassalām cĀrif nationalized all banks and insurance companies as well as several large manufacturing firms. However, even as he cooperated with Egypt, he had to placate other factions of officers opposed to unification. He was forced to proceed with such caution that by the time of his death in 1966, little real progress had been made toward the full integration of Iraq and Egypt. Arab unity, so ardently desired by powerful leaders in Syria, Egypt and Iraq, remained an elusive dream battered by the crosscurrents of political instability, ethnic discord and personal ambition.
14

FORTIFIED DELTA – A CASE STUDY FROM TELL EL-RETABA

88%
Smoláriková K.
Asian and African Studies
|
2019
|
vol. 28
|
issue 1
19 -29
EN
The primary function of fortresses and in a wider context various kinds of fortifications, too, are to control and protect important sites/areas, but they are also very potent symbols of political and economic power. As a special type of military architecture, fortresses were usually erected in sensitive border regions to stop waves of invaders. From the period of the Middle Kingdom at least, many and varied sources testify to the fact that the area of the Nile Delta and particularly the eastern Delta/Sinai was protected by a chain of fortresses to prevent enemy attacks The importance of the ‘Walls of the Ruler’ within the Middle Kingdom defence system is undisputed; its approximate location at the entrance of Wadi Tumilat is known. The military picture of Egypt’s eastern frontier would not be complete without mentioning another huge military installation which was built during the New Kingdom in order to protect Egypt’s eastern border: the so-called ‘Ways of Horus’. To these military activities of Seti I can also be added the fortress at Tell el-Retaba, built at the beginning of the Ramesside era in the military sensitive region of Wadi Tumilat. The evident expenditure on the construction and its subsequent reconstruction indicates that its location was considered highly strategic and economically important. The promising results of the current archaeological excavations of the Polish-Slovak missions at this site may help us to uncover and consequently better not only understand the building history of one of the fortress-towns on the border of Egypt but also shed more light on the nature and various facets of the mutual relations between Egypt and his north-eastern neighbours.
15

Natural scientific analyses of a faience bead from a Nitra-culture grave in Slatinice, district of Olomouc

88%
Gregerova M., Hlozek M., Sulovsky P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
33-40
EN
Several turquoise-coloured faience beads were revealed from a female grave of the Nitra-culture burial ground near Slatinice. Finds of the numerous faience beads occur in some graves in necropolises belonging to the Late Aeneolithic and Early Bronze Age. The natural scientific methods (optic and electron microscopy and microanalyses) help solve the question of the faience beads origin - whether they were made by the Nitra culture bearers or they were imported from the distant regions. The microscopic analyses proved that the faience bead under study from 95% consists of the various in size fragments of sharp angular quartz which were glued together with a small amount of lime or clay and the bead was probably moulded. After it had been dried up, the bead was burnt at the temperature lower than 800 °C. Then it was dipped into a glazing solution with the copper oxides and then burnt again or annealed at the higher temperatures. High up to very high, almost constant content of potassium and corresponding content of sodium are typical for interstitial glasses of faience and blue copper cores. In the beads from Egypt the normalized K2O content in copper blue colours is 11.9 %. Compared with this, the MgO content is very low. These results make us presuppose that for a production of the faiences ash was used as a source of alkali that is very rich in potassium, poor in MgO and have neutral content of CaO. The results of the realized analyses of the finds from Slatinice prove that the artefact the most probably was not made by the Nitra culture bearers. The concordance between our results and data published to finds of the faience artefacts from Egypt is remarkable. We have compared our measured data with chemical composition of the younger Egyptian artefacts (around 1500 BC). The time gap of one or two hundred years makes no obstruction in this case, as the glass colouring as well as a production of the frits and faience artefacts is proved to have a longer tradition. Hence we can state that in the Nitra culture period (1800-1600 BC) the faience beads were desired trade article transported from Egypt probably.
16

FROM THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE OF ARAB WORLD TO THE LACK OF FREEDOM – A SHORT HISTORY OF ARAB MEDIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF EGYPT

88%
Sawicka Z.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
548 - 560
EN
The history of the Arab media is interesting because it shows how important role the media can play in political changes. Arabs, as one of the nations conquered by the Ottoman Empire, began to use the press as a mean of national revival already in the 19th century, later this process intensified significantly in the 1940s´, where the press became one of the arenas of the struggle for the independence of Arab states. The role of the media in the Arab national liberation struggle is underestimated. However, their powerful force was noticed by the new Arab regimes, which completely subdued the media market of the nascent Arab states and began to use the media for their own political purposes. This situation continues to this day, but the emergence of the Internet in this part of the world has reawakened the Arab national liberation mood, which culminated during the Arab Spring. Nowadays, Arab new media is considered to be the next arena of the fight for political change and democratization of this part of the world.
17

EGYPT V SILOČIARACH VEĽMOCENSKEJ POLITIKY V POLOVICI 60. ROKOV 20. STOROČIA

88%
Sorby K.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 1
77 – 98
EN
The coming to Power of Lyndon B. Johnson and the expulsion of Nikita Khruschev from the Kremlin brought about important changes in the relationship between the superpowers and the Arab states. The period witnessed a steady deterioration of both inter-Arab and US-Arab relations. By the end of 1964 US-Egyptian relations reached a crisis. Several developments led to this point: 1. further Egyptian economic and military dependence on the Soviet Union; 2. Egypt’s involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict; 3. Egyptian military and political support of the rebels in the Congo; 4. Egypt’s armed presence in Yemen; 5. the fire of the Kennedy Library in Cairo; 6. US economic threats against Cairo. The calm that marked the period was deceptive; the storm was never far away.
18

NÁRODNOOSLOBODZOVACIE HNUTIA NA BLÍZKOM VÝCHODE PO DRUHEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNE A ČSR

75%
Sorby K.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
|
2021
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1
30 – 48
EN
The 1947 partition plan for Palestine was certainly not a peaceful resolution to the contest for Palestine. Both Jewish and Arab armies lined up volunteers and equipped themselves as well as they could. Both sides committed terrorist acts against innocent civilians. The British folded their arms and ignored the escalating violence, as they were preparing to withdraw totally from Palestine. In this situation the Israeli army was in dire need of arms and Moscow which did not want to be directly involved in the conflict. Communist Czechoslovakia which belonged to the Soviet sphere of influence followed the instructions and supplied Israel with weapons despite UN sanctions. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli war Czechoslovakia had considerably contributed to the Israeli victory. After Israel turned to the West the USSR became the main supporter of the Arab national-liberation movement. After the 1952 military coup the Egyptian army turned out to be the real ruler of Egypt. Since armistice of 1949, the Egyptian-Israeli border had been the site of frequent hostilities. Israeli forces carried out their missions easily and emphasized their military superiority which made the Egyptians aware of the pressing need to replace the outmoded equipment left to them by the British. However, when the Egyptian president approached the West for arms, he was rebuffed. He therefore turned to the USSR that acted in a similar way as before. In September 1955 Egypt concluded an agreement with Czechoslovakia to purchase $ 200 million worth of advanced Soviet military equipment in exchange for Egyptian cotton. The so-called Czech arms deal was really a Soviet-Egyptian one and caused considerable annoyance mainly in Washington and London.
19

WOODEN COFFINS INSIDE STONE SARCOPHAGI: A COMMON PRACTICE OR AN EXCEPTION IN THE OLD KINGDOM?

75%
Peterková Hlouchová M.
Asian and African Studies
|
2023
|
vol. 32
|
issue 1
20 - 37
EN
Burial containers (including wooden coffins and stone sarcophagi) were one of the most important aspects of burials in ancient Egypt, but especially in the case of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2592 – 2120 BCE) they have not been properly researched. In particular, what remains unclear is the number of burial containers used in one burial. There are three possibilities regarding this particular issue. The first suggests that there was a wooden coffin inside each sarcophagus. The second claims that when there was a stone sarcophagus, no wooden coffin was needed, and the third envisages a variety of options. Archaeological evidence attests stone sarcophagi without wooden coffins as well as wooden coffins inside stone sarcophagi in addition to other possibilities. This brief case study draws on material from the residential, Memphite necropolis (mainly Abusir, but also from Saqqara and Giza) and demonstrates that there was considerable variation and that we do not properly understand the reasons behind the different choices in the terms of funerals and burials.
20

DIPLOMACIA POSTUPNÝCH KROKOV: EGYPTSKO-IZRAELSKÉ DOHODY O ODPÚTANÍ SÍL

75%
Sorby K.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
|
2014
|
vol. 7
|
issue 2
5 – 19
EN
The fourth Arab-Israeli war and the brief oil embargo that followed produced a change in the American perception of the increasingly complex Middle East crisis. The Arab ability to plan, co-ordinate, and execute a successful military attack and to profoundly disturb the status quo had now been clearly demonstrated. The issue of regional dependency on Middle East petroleum also became a matter of concern in the West, especially among the allies of the United States. There was, furthermore, a sharpened awareness worldwide of the degree to which local conflicts in the area could bring the superpowers dangerously close to confrontation. US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ensured the settlement that ended the October War. Within his “shuttle diplomacy” he visited all the relevant countries and helped to secure the Egyptian-Israeli agreement over the cessation of hostilities signed on 11 November 1973. The first agreement, signed on 18 January 1974, while separating Egyptian and Israeli forces, allowed limited Egyptian troops on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal, a disengaging zone or no-man’s land supervised by the UN emergency forces in the western part of Sinai, and limited Israeli forces west of the strategic Giddi and Mitla passes. Anwar as-Sādāt had assured Kissinger in December 1973 that he would have the Arab oil embargo lifted, and by 18 March 1974 the embargo was withdrawn. Kissinger’s diplomacy had raised Arab expectations that the United States could promote a settlement based on an Israeli withdrawal. The new American President, Gerald Ford faced with Israeli intransigence began to think of a comprehensive peace settlement including Palestine and in August 1975 Kissinger returned to the Middle East. His bargaining produced a second disengagement agreement between Israel and Egypt signed in September 1975.
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