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1

RATIONALITIES OF EMOTION - DEFENDING, DISTINGUISHING, CONNECTING

100%
Rietti S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2009
|
vol. 16
|
issue 1
38-61
EN
Claims that emotions are or can be rational, and crucially enabling of rationality, are now fairly common, also outside of philosophy, but with considerable diversity both in their assumptions about emotions and their conceptions of rationality. Three main trends are worth picking out, both in themselves and for the potential tensions between them: accounts that defend a case for the rationality of emotions A) by assimilating emotions closely to beliefs or judgements; B) in terms of the very features that traditional views of emotions as irrational/a-rational emphasized; C) by arguing that emotions exhibit a more sui generis kind of rationality, often one based on a narrative or dramaturgic 'inner logic'.
2

GOLDIE'S PUZZLING OF TWO FEELINGS: 'BODILY FEELING' AND 'FEELING TOWARD'

100%
Yang S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2009
|
vol. 16
|
issue 3
317-327
EN
Emotion theorists have divided into two camps in contemporary discussion. The one claims that emotions are reducible to bodily feelings; the other holds that emotions are reducible to belief, desire or evaluative judgement. In an effort to avoid such reduced view, Goldie suggests that emotions involve two kinds of feelings: bodily feelings and feeling towards. In spite of Goldie's efforts, the author argues that explaining our emotional disposition in terms of 'feeling toward' remains distinctly unsatisfactory. Furthermore, though sympathetic to his project, the author gives reasons for doubting that there are two such distinct kinds of feeling, one of which has only borrowed intentionality, while the other has intentionality intrinsically.
3

O transferze emocji i nastrojów miedzy ludźmi – mechanizm i psychologiczne wyznaczniki zarażenia afektywnego

100%
Wróbel M.
Psychologia Społeczna
|
2008
|
vol. 3
|
issue 3(8)
210-230
EN
Affective contagion is a process of transferring emotions or moods between persons. Although research (especially conducted in the United States) shows that this phenomenon plays a great role in understanding changes of affective states that occur in the presence of other people, it has not yet attracted the attention of Polish psychologists. Thus, the aim of the article was to describe the phenomenon of affective contagion. Particular emphasis was placed on the differentiation between two kinds of processes – emotional and mood contagion – together with their underlying mechanisms. Manifestations and consequences of the spread of affective states through contagion, as well as psychological determinants of susceptibility to the transfer of moods and emotions were also discussed.
4

EMOTIONAL CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

100%
Fitzgerald C.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2009
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vol. 16
|
issue 1
105-123
EN
This paper aims to move the debate over the status of the conflict between emotion and judgement forward by refuting three implicit claims: that conflict between emotion and judgement is always to be avoided; that any conflict should always be resolved and, moreover, that it should be resolved immediately; that judgement should usually take priority in any resolution. Refutation of these three claims leads to recognition of the wide variety of different cases of conflict between emotion and judgement; examination of these cases is aided by consideration of the social context in which the conflicts occur.
5

EMOTIONS AND HEART RATE CHANGES. IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF JAMES AND LANGE

100%
Kuniecki M.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
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2006
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vol. 14
175-186
EN
The current article summarizes the series of experiment aimed at elucidating patterns of heart rate changes during emotional processing. In the first experiment we have strengthened existing evidence that changes in heart rate frequency are specific to the emotional state. We have shown that negative stimuli produce a prolonged heart rate slowing, while neutral stimuli produce only short heart rate decelerations, followed by a quick return towards the pre-stimulus heart rate levels. The second experiment was designed to provide insight in the brain structures engaged in producing this prolonged heart deceleration. The putative brain centre controlling the heart rate in emotions must be both involved in emotional appraisal and in the regulation of autonomic functions including heart rate. Research conducted by LeDoux and his colleagues have pointed to the amygdala, structure burried deeply in the temporal lobes. Using an animal model we have shown that the neuronal activity of the amygdala was correlated with the magnitude of heart rate deceleration in case of stimuli signalling threat (CS+), but not in case of stimuli signalling safety (CS-). Hence, we showed an involvement of the amygdala in inducing the 'late decelerative component' in a negative emotion. In the final experiment we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to disclose the topography of brain regions involved in heart rate regulation during emotionally induced arousal. We have shown that while during negative emotions heart rate changes are primarily activating the right amygdala, during positive emotions the amygdala is inactive while the hypothalamus clearly showed an increased activation Finally, we hypothesise that the prolonged deceleration observed in humans is a remnant of a generalised freezing reaction, which, although it is rarely seen contemporary human beings, is a common phenomenon in our predecessors.
6

ARISTOTLE'S FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF THE EMOTIONS

100%
Chew A.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2009
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vol. 16
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issue 1
5-37
EN
Placing Aristotle's ethical works in dialogue with the work of G.E.M. Anscombe, this paper outlines a functional definition of emotions that describes a meta-theory for social-scientific research. Emotions are defined as what makes the thought and action of rational and political animals ethical.
7

AUTOMATED EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSION ASSESSMENT AND EMOTIONAL ELICITATION THROUGH FILM CLIP STIMULI

100%
Ventura D., Heredia L., Torrente M., Vicens P.
Studia Psychologica
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2020
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vol. 62
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issue 4
350 – 363
EN
Numerous film clip databases are available for eliciting emotional states in humans. Some of the databases have been validated through self-reported questionnaires based on the discrete emotions perspective. In this study we analysed some of these film clips using software to assess emotional facial expression in humans. To do so, we selected 12 emotional stimuli (two for each emotion assessed). Other film clips containing basic mathematical operations were used as distractor stimuli. In total, 65 healthy volunteers participated in this study. We performed statistical analyses to compare differences in the discrete emotional intensities of each stimulus and compared these intensities with the distractor stimuli. Although the emotional facial recognition software was able to clearly detect discrete emotions for some stimuli (happiness and anger), some inconsistencies were found between previous self-reported emotional assessments studies. The data obtained with this software. Our results also showed that film clip stimuli present a complex emotional profile, making it difficult to classify them into discrete categories. Software to detect facial emotional expression may therefore be a useful tool for investigating emotions and the emotional profiles of film clip stimuli. However, further studies are needed to corroborate our results.
8

A neural model of mere exposure: The EXAC mechanism

100%
Drogosz M., Nowak A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2006
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vol. 37
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issue 1
7-15
EN
Previous research has shown that 'the mere exposure effect' is strongest for subliminal presentations (meta-analysis: Bornstein, 1989). Further, in the range of subliminal presentations times, the relation between recognition and affect is paradoxical - participants cannot effectively recognize novel from familiar stimuli, yet they perceive the familiar stimuli as more pleasant. The mechanisms of this paradoxical phenomenon (named 'the primacy of affect'; Zajonc, 1984) remain unexplained. In this paper, we propose a simple neural network model ('EXAC': Exposure and Affect Counter) of the subliminal mere exposure effect. Analysis of the model's performance shows that the capability for fast novelty detection can be a natural property of very simple network structures. The novelty detection function generated by EXAC fits the affective function obtained from behavioral data. For weakly learned patterns (corresponding to short presentation times in behavioral research), the network model 'prefers' known stimuli before it can recognize them. AUTHORS' NOTE: The data in this paper and earlier description of the model was previously published in Polish in Drogosz M., & Nowak A., (1995) Symulacyjna teoria efektu ekspozycji: siec neuropodobna EXAC. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 38, 65–84.
9

EMOTION, EXPERIENTIAL MEMORY AND SELFHOOD

100%
Yang S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 1
18 – 36
EN
Recently, emotion has attracted much attention in many areas of philosophy. In the philosophy of mind, some argue that emotions are individuated and identified with reference to feelings, beliefs, desires, or perceptions. Furthermore, they are often claimed to be changeable, unstable, and ambivalent. However, despite their instability, emotions are sometimes long-standing. They have, in addition, perspective. These characteristics of the emotions help us in solving one of philosophy’s most enduring problems, that is, the problem of personal identity. In order to illustrate this claim the author elaborates on the conception of ‘experiential memory’ suggested by Wollheim. To understand memory as experiential, we need to understand the affective element attached to some memories. The author argues that memory affects not only our past thought but also our past emotions, and those emotions deriving from the past stay on to affect our whole being and our future. Hence, the experiential memory is not just confined to the recalling of events or experiences that the subject has experienced, but concerns the narrative structure of a person’s life as a whole.
10
Content available remote

MÔŽEME SA HUDBY BÁŤ?

100%
Hviščová J.
ESPES
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2013
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vol. 2
|
issue 1
46 – 53
EN
There are a lot of musical works reflecting horrible historical and political events in 20th century. The musical works of the 20th century react to the horror of the WWI and the WWII, violence and political terror of that time ideologies. However the works indisputably witness the experiences of personal drama and trauma inclusively. The article points to the musical induction of the negative emotions in human consciousness with a strong emphasis on the negative emotion of fear. The main aim of the article is to examine the role of a listener in this situation, namely if the listener may experience the emotion of fear while listening to the musical works. Using an analogy of actual experienced fear and fear as described through the perspective of the existential philosophy, the article will portray the various forms of fear that people experience while listening to music.
11

Mental rotation of emotional and neutral stimuli

100%
Czarnecka K., Szymura B.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2009
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vol. 40
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issue 2
101-111
EN
The main aim of the study was to create and validate emotional version of mental rotation task (MRT). As all previously conducted experiments utilized neutral material only, such an attempt seemed necessary to confirm the generality of mental rotation effect and its properties. Emotional MRT was constructed using photos of negative facial expressions; a compatible neutral MRT was also created, for detailed comparisons. 2- and 3-dimensional figures (Experiment 1) and hexagrams (Experiment 2 and 3) served as affect-free stimuli. In three experiments, emotional MRT version was proven to be valid, whereas only hexagram-based neutral MRT version yielded the expected results. A number of differences between the two versions emerged, concerning response times, accuracy and difficulty of trials. The neutral/emotional MRT procedure, although needing more research, seems to give stable results, making the study of content-bound imagery possible.
12

DO EMOTIONS REPRESENT VALUES BY REGISTERING BODILY CHANGES?

88%
Duringer E. M.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2009
|
vol. 16
|
issue 1
62-81
EN
This paper outlines Jesse Prinz's theory that emotions represent values by registering bodily changes, discusses two objections, and concludes that Prinz's theory stands in need of modification: while emotions do represent values, they do not do so in the first place by registering bodily changes, but by processing information about how things we care about fare in the world. The function of bodily changes is primarily to motivate and prepare us for action.
13

ZUM AUSDRUCK VON EMOTIONEN IN LITERARISCHEN TEXTEN. AM BEISPIEL DER ERZÄHLUNG „DER WALDGÄNGER“ VON ADALBERT STIFTER

88%
Mišun J.
Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie
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2013
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vol. 2
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issue 2
56 – 66
EN
The submitted article focuses on the issues of emotion linguistics and its application for the analysis of literary texts. The author examines, in connection with the Bühler’s organon model of natural language, some of the language means serving to express, name and develop emotions, where it is particularly the lexical level of the language which is paid attention to. A sample emotion linguistics analysis is illustrated by the example of Adalbert Stifter’s story “Der Waldgänger”. It becomes apparent that literary texts can bear emotional potential which is often activated by the means of context and general knowledge of the text recipient.
14

HAPPY DRAGON IS REAL, FRIGHTENING DRAGON IS NOT: CHILDREN’S FANTASY-REALITY DISTINCTION OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI

88%
Metličar S.
Studia Psychologica
|
2014
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vol. 56
|
issue 2
155 – 167
XX
The focus of the study was fantasy-reality distinction of emotional stimuli in early childhood. Several factors were examined, including age differences, children’s wishes, and local context. The research was conducted on a sample of 71 three to five-year-olds. Children were shown images depicting fantastic and real events and figures that elicited several emotions. Then they reported whether each event or figure could occur in real life, stated their wishes regarding its occurrence in real life, and rated their emotional reaction to the image. The results revealed age related improvements in children’s fantasy-reality distinction and positive correlations between children’s reality status evaluations and their wishes, as well as variations in judgment based on emotional content of presented stimuli. Children were more likely to report that neutral and happy stimuli could occur in real life and that frightening and angry stimuli could not occur in real life.
15

SADNESS AND HAPPINESS IN SPEECH

88%
Szabo E.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2008
|
vol. 63
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issue 4
691-708
EN
It is an old experience that emotions modify the human voice, the speech style. Autobiographical recall and music was used in this study to induce sad and happy emotional states. Participants told happy, natural and sad stories about themselves, and half-minute-long periods of each story were analysed phonetically with the program Praat. The authoress studied how speech parameters like duration of silent pauses, rate of the pauses to the whole speech, articulation rate, fundamental frequency and its variety, intensity and its variety were modified by emotions. Results show that emotions have measurable effects on speech. A tendency-level difference was found between sad, natural and happy emotional states. Calculating with the parameters one at a time significant differences were found: in sad emotional states intensity and rate of articulation decreased, further duration of pauses and their relation to the whole speech extended, compared with the happy states. Compared with the natural state there was only one significant difference: rate of articulation decreased.
16
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Władysława Tatarkiewicza analiza terminu „szczęście”

88%
Pepliński M.
Filo-Sofija
|
2011
|
vol. 11
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issue 2-3(13-14)
663-674
EN
Władysław Tatarkiewicz work on philosophical and moral psychology, particularly on theory of happiness is still example of the best kind of analytical and close to phenomenological analysis of our speaking and thinking about the topics in question. He distinguishes four main different meanings of Polish word ‘szczęście’ and present a new classification of them based on two principles: the opposition of subjective and objective and between ordinary and philosophical language. Accordingly we can speak about luck, positive psychological states like different kinds of good emotions or feelings and pleasure, Greek eudaimonia and specifically philosophical, a very correct concept of happiness as a rationally justified deep and comprehensive satisfaction of one’s life taken in its wholeness. In this paper I present critically his classification and argue that subjective meanings are always related to objective concepts.
17

EMOTIONS AND FAMILIARITY OF CONTENT IN GENERATIVE PROCESSES OF PROSPECTIVE ARTISTS

88%
Ristić I. J., Milošević M.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
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issue 4
256 - 370
EN
Relations between creativity, dimensions of emotional experience (valence and arousal), and familiarity of content were examined in an experiment with 92 students, grouped into two sub-samples: art and non-art students. For stimulation, 40 photos were selected from the Nencki Affective Picture System, so that the values of the dimensions were systematically varied. Students were exposed to the photos and asked to rate the familiarity of their content, and then to generate a creative title for each of them. Measuring creativity was based on the coefficients, specially constructed and derived from the assessment of titles’ originality. The analysis shows that valence, arousal, and familiarity might be the predictors of creativity and that unpleasant and novel content induces more creative answers. Generative processes of art-students show certain peculiarities: they are more sensitive to the external clues, especially novel and disturbing, which might be explained by the action model of creativity.
18

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EMOTION INDUCTION THROUGH AVATARS AND ITS IMPACT ON REASONING PERFORMANCE: CARDIOVASCULAR AND PUPILLARY CORRELATES

88%
Causse M., Pavard B., Sénard J.-M., Démonet J.-F., Pastor J.
Studia Psychologica
|
2012
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
34 – 51
EN
Many studies have shown the impact of emotion on cognition (Damasio, 1994), however these influences remain ambiguous. The contradictions may be explained by a lack of experimental control (emotional induction, objective clues on emotional states…) but also by the existence of complex cross-influences between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a major substratum of executive functions (EFs) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area strongly connected to the limbic system. This work aimed at gaining a more precise view of the links between emotion and EFs, utilizing an experimental protocol that used avatars for a well-controlled emotional induction, measurements of the autonomic nervous system activity as evidence of the emotional state (cardiovascular and pupillary responses) and a neuropsychological test battery (dynamic reasoning and deductive reasoning tasks) for the detection of EFs variations in response to emotion. The experimental data showed that positive emotion (joy) led to a performance decrease during both tasks, together with physiological variations. These counterintuitive results showed that positive mood can impair executive functioning in our tasks. In addition, our results highlighted the lack of learning effects on deductive performance.
19

RECOGNITION OF EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN ALEXITHYMIA

88%
Martinez-Sanchez F., Fernández-Abascal E. G., Sánchez-Pérez N.
Studia Psychologica
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2017
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vol. 59
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issue 3
206 – 216
EN
Alexithymia is a personality trait which is associated with difficulties in identifying and verbalizing emotions. Previous studies have shown a significant association between alexithymia and a lack of ability to decode emotional facial expressions. Three groups of university students (N = 1645) were formed by splitting the sample based on Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) scores. All participants performed an emotional expression recognition task, using the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes’’ method. The experimenter presented images of the eye-region of the faces of actors and actresses. As expected, results showed that alexithymics performed worse on ability to infer others’ emotional states expressed by the eyes. These results suggest that alexithymia is associated with impaired emotion recognition, that is most apparent when processing capacity is restricted, high-alexithymic individuals could develop less detailed perceptual representations of facial expression which might impair the process of drawing conclusions about its emotional significance.
20
Content available remote

UVAŽOVANIE O EMOCIONÁLNOM VÝZNAME LITERATÚRY V KOGNITÍVNEJ A SANSKRITSKEJ LITERÁRNEJ VEDE

88%
Gáfrik R.
World Literature Studies
|
2011
|
vol. 3 (20)
|
issue 3
41 – 52
EN
Art and literature relate to emotions and affections in the experience of readers. However, literary studies in general exclude emotion from their analysis and instead focus on the propositional content of literature. It seems that there is no reliable way of grasping them. The current cognitive and neuroscience research shows that emotions play apart in cognitive processes. Moreover, emotion is not seen as the opposite of thought. On the contrary, it is bound up with cognition. The role of emotion in literary reading has become an increasingly important topic in cognitive literary studies. Especially Reuven Tsur, Keith Oatley, Patrik Colm Hogan, Jenefer Robinson and Michael Burke have presented theories of emotional engagement with literature. The traditional Sanskrit literary studies with their focus on the emotional effect of literature have informed the current affective theories. The paper analyses and evaluates the significance of Sanskrit literary theory to the current debate on emotional engagement with literature. It argues that the fact about the converging development of both literary-critical traditions defies a two wide notion of cultural difference and creates the possibility of a transcultural approach to literature.
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