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1

The Impact of Referendums on the Process of European Integration

100%
Kużelewska E.
Baltic Journal of Law & Politics
|
2009
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vol. 2
|
issue 2
181-200
EN
Direct democracy is becoming more and more significant in political life. Not only does it give citizens the right to choose the government, it also gives them the right to contribute to making important decisions, thus improving the quality of citizens' participation in politics. One of the most popular and most commonly used forms of direct democracy used in politics is referendum, the significance of which is still increasing. Both in the countries of Western Europe, where the tradition of democracy is well established, and in Eastern and Central Europe, referenda are effective tools which complement representative power. Recently there has been a significant increase in the importance of referenda during the construction of so-called unified Europe. The aim of this article is to present the influence of referenda on the European integration process.
2
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Powroty Polaków po 2004 roku, W pętli pułapki migracji

100%
Iglicka K.
Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO
|
2013
|
issue 1
33-49
EN
This paper analyses Poles’ return from emigration from an empirical perspective. It also discusses the difficulties involved in research on return migrants. Firstly, there is no single definition of a return migrant which would be binding for all countries; secondly, many countries do not keep statistics on returnees. Hence, research on return migration concentrates on purposive samples which may indicate certain types of phenomena, strategies and problems within the analysed group, but do not allow generalization. The paper presents the results of a quantitative survey carried out in five cities, viz. Warsaw, Poznań, Gdańsk, Rzeszów and Katowice, on a group of 200 return migrants (40 in each of the above locations). The survey was conducted in Spring 2010. The respondents were selected using snowball sampling.
3
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Parallel regional convergence in Poland before and after EU accession

88%
Wójcik P.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2021
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vol. 25
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issue 2
83-92
EN
The purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamics of regional disparities on NUTS 2 level in Poland for the period 1990–2017 within the framework of sigma convergence. We focus in particular on comparing the patterns of regional convergence before and after EU accession, introducing the methodology of parallel sigma convergence. The results show that the Mazowieckie voivodeship grew much above the average in both the pre-and post-accession periods, while eastern regions lagged behind. EU accession did not have a significant impact on the pattern of internal sigma convergence in Poland. Disparities between regions were increasing at the same pace before and after 2004, despite significant resources having been allocated to cohesion-focused undertakings after EU accession, especially in lagging eastern regions.
4
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Funkcjonowanie systemu celnego w Polsce po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej

88%
Mosiej G.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2008
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vol. 226
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issue 9
97-116
EN
The paper discusses some negative aspects of the work of Poland’s customs system after the country’s entry to the European Union on May 1, 2004. The author attempts to explain the reasons for these shortcomings and also examines their social and economic implications. Negative developments in the Polish customs service have included misguided organizational changes that have led to conflicts among customs officers, Mosiej says. Another problem is corruption among customs administration employees, a trend that has risen considerably since the country’s EU accession, according to Mosiej. Other unsettling trends include decreased customs protection of the domestic market, a major drop in government revenue from customs duties, and the closure of many customs agencies and the resulting loss of jobs, the author says. All these negative trends have resulted from both exogenous and endogenous factors. The former include the adopted EU customs regulations, while the latter involve the activities of Polish customs officers themselves. All the negative aspects of the work of Poland’s customs system should be eliminated as soon as possible, Mosiej concludes, because this harms the image of the country’s customs system in the EU and elsewhere.
5
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A Decade of Membership: Hungarian Post-Accession Mobility to the United Kingdom

88%
Moreh C.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
79-104
EN
This paper examines Hungarian migration to the United Kingdom following EU accession. Migration from Hungary has generally been low both before and after accession, but trends have recently started to change. Based on the available statistical data, the paper explores the volume, key demographics and geographical distribution of this migration, and shows how a combination of economic, political and social factors is accountable for the migration of Hungarians to the United Kingdom. To give a human face to the phenomenon, the paper also builds on narrative interviews collected during recent ethnographic fieldwork in London, highlighting the role of economic decline, policy miscalculations, language competence and the online migration industry in shaping the motivations, aims and accommodation of migrants. The paper suggests that migration from Hungary may become more dominant in the second decade of the country’s EU membership than it has been during the first ten years.
6
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CHANGES IN THE SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF FRUIT GROWING AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY: THE CASE OF GRÓJEC POVIAT (MAZOVIA VOIVODESHIP, POLAND)

88%
Wójcik M., Traczyk A.
Quaestiones Geographicae
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2017
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vol. 36
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issue 2
71-84
EN
This paper is meant to determine trends in changes in the organisation of fruit production at the beginning of the 21st century. It focuses on the determination of those trends as well as their circumstances. The analysis of changes in the organisation of fruit production was made using Grójec poviat as an example. The accession of Poland to the European Union resulted in the intensification of processes of specialisation and concentration in agriculture, due to which the area occupied by orchards started to grow systematically. With the growing area and the intensification of fruit crops, quantities of fruits produced also increased. Currently, Poland is one of the biggest fruit manufacturers in Europe, with Grójec poviat being the biggest producer in Poland.
7
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EU Accession and Migration: Evidence for Bulgarian Migration to Germany

88%
Kovacheva V.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
173-188
EN
Bulgaria’s European Union accession in 2007 turned the country’s citizens from third-country nationals with restricted mobility rights into EU citizens with rights to free movement within the EU. Economic rights were restricted for seven years by transitional periods in the free movement of workers. This article explores changes in the Bulgarian migration pattern to Germany after 2007 in the specific context of free movement with restricted freedom to work, and analyses the extent to which those changes can be related to that particular regime. Starting from this point, Bulgarian migration patterns to Germany are overviewed and a periodisation of migration since the World War II is suggested. Changes in the dynamics, forms and composition of migration after EU accession in 2007 are analysed, based on administrative data and a small-scale survey among Bulgarian migrants in Hamburg. Both the administrative data and the survey results provide empirical grounding for a plausible relation between EU accession and migration patterns. The scale of migration has increased and more temporary migration has taken place. However, the rise of migration can be attributed not only to new migration from Bulgaria but also, to a large extent, to a redirection of migration flows from other destination countries and the legalisation of irregular migrants. Circular migration has lost to a great extent relevance which could be plausibly explained by changed migration strategies under a regime of free movement. Despite transitional periods in the free movement of workers, labour migration has become a predominant form of mobility. Transitional periods did not prevent migrants from moving to Germany but, given the reduced labour market opportunities, may have hampered their successful labour market integration.
8
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Chorwacja nowym członkiem UE

75%
Szymanik E.
Unia Europejska.pl
|
2013
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issue 4
10-16
PL
Artykuł przedstawia w skrócie drogę, jaką Chorwacja przeszła od momentu rozpadu Jugosławii do chwili przystąpienia do Unii Europejskiej 1 lipca 2013 roku. Szczególny nacisk położono na przedstawienie sytuacji politycznej i gospodarczej kraju oraz warunków, w jakich prowadzono rokowania. Ukazane zostały w nim także wątpliwości związane z niepełnym wyjaśnieniem wszystkich spornych kwestii. Praca kończy się podsumowaniem sytuacji kraju tuż po wejściu w struktury unijne.
EN
The article shows the Croatian way to the European Union, from the breakup of Yugoslavia to the accession on 1 July 2013. The political and economic situation was pointed out as well as the conditions of the European negotiations. It was written also about doubts connected with not clear explanations of all the problems by the negotiations. The article is summed up with Croatian achievements and the situation of the country just after joining the European structures.
9
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Return policies and (r)emigration of Bulgarians in the pre-and post-accession period

75%
Ivanova V.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
|
2015
|
issue 31(4)
119-136
EN
The article elaborates the concept that Bulgaria’s 2007 EU accession didn’t itself produce large emigration waves, but rather brought new understanding and value to Bulgarian citizenship, through intensified mobility and return processes, within the context of the economic crisis. The text is structured in two parts: the first one reveals the Bulgarian emigration phenomenon after 1989 and its specifics, and the second one — the core of the article — is devoted to the return dynamics and policy answers with focus on the highly qualified. Thus the analysis answers the research question of whether the state affects the processes of remigration of highly qualified Bulgarian young people through its return policies and instruments.
10

EU factor jako determinanta napływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do Polski, Czech i Węgier

63%
Pilarska C., Wałęga G.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2015
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issue 9(945)
77-97
PL
Z transformacją gospodarczą krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej nierozerwalnie wiąże się napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ). Wśród krajów regionu, które po 1989 r. otworzyły swoje gospodarki, największy strumień bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych przyciągnęły Polska, Czechy i Węgry. Na wielkość otrzymanych inwestycji zagranicznych wpływają nie tylko czynniki kosztowe oraz warunki rynkowe, ale także ogólny klimat inwestycyjny i stabilność polityczna kraju przyjmującego inwestycje. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie wpływu wybranych determinant na napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do Polski, Czech i Węgier w latach 1996–2012. W modelu oprócz tradycyjnych czynników, takich jak wielkość rynku, koszty pracy oraz otwartość gospodarki, uwzględniono również zmienną EU factor. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły ustalić, w jakim zakresie stopień integracji z Unią Europejską oddziaływał na wolumen BIZ w analizowanych krajach. Wielkość strumieni napływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do rozpatrywanych gospodarek w badanym okresie zależała od czynników rynkowych (wielkości gospodarki i dynamiki PKB) oraz od jakości zasobów pracy. Integracja regionalna okazała się również istotną determinantą lokowania inwestycji zagranicznych – wraz ze zwiększeniem poziomu integracji zwiększał się napływ inwestycji zagranicznych.
EN
The article examines issues related to the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to three countries that acceded to the European Union in the last decade, Poland, Czech and Hungary. These countries were chosen because they are considered transformational leaders of change, and also because, since the opening of their economies to the inflow of foreign capital, they have attracted the largest amount of direct investment among all the members from the region of Central and Eastern Europe. In this article we examine the extent to which the flow of FDI to Poland, Czech and Hungary was a result of the impact of traditional factors such as market size, labour costs or the openness of the economy, and in so far as it was based on a factor known as the “EU factor”. Empirical studies, based on data for the period 1996–2012, indicate that the signing of an association agreement with the EU has brought considerable transformational benefits to the countries in terms of FDI inflows. The impact of full membership in the European Union on the ability of countries to attract inward FDI stock is also assessed.
11
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Hungarian Agriculture a Decade after EU Accession: Hopes, Facts and Lessons

63%
Somai M.
Unia Europejska.pl
|
2014
|
issue 2
41-51
PL
Wiosną 2014 roku odbyły się liczne spotkania ekspertów i konferencje, podsumowujące doświadczenia 10 lat członkostwa Węgier w UE. Jedną z najbardziej istotnych kwestii poruszanych podczas tych spotkań było bez wątpienia objęcie Węgier wspólną polityką rolną (WPR) i stopniowe wprowadzanie przewidzianych nią instrumentów wsparcia dla rolników. Węgierski sektor rolny staje się coraz bardziej wyspecjalizowany i koncentruje się na uprawach polowych (głównie pszenicy, kukurydzy, słonecznika i rzepaku), odchodzi natomiast od hodowli zwierząt i innych dziedzin produkcji pracochłonnej (np. uprawy warzyw), których znaczenie stopniowo maleje lub stabilizuje się na bardzo niskim poziomie. Wsparcie ze środków WPR przyczyniło się do podniesienia wydajności i rentowności węgierskiego rolnictwa, ale jego wyniki w przeliczeniu na hektar i zatrudnionego nadal wyraźnie odbiegają od podobnych wskaźników głównych konkurentów z Europy Zachodniej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wniosków płynących z pierwszych 10 lat członkostwa w UE dla węgierskiego rolnictwa, pokazanie zmian w produkcji i handlu rolnym, jak również przyczyn tych zmian.
EN
Spring 2014 is fully packed with expert meetings and conferences that are aimed at taking stock of Hungary's experiences of the 10-year membership in the EU. The introduction of the CAP and the gradual application of its main support schemes for farmers are, beyond doubt, emerging as key issues of interest in the above-mentioned events. The sector is now becoming more and more specialised and is focusing on field crops (mainly wheat, maize, sunflower and colza), while switching away from livestock breeding or other similarly labour-intensive activities (e.g. production of vegetables) which are gradually shrinking and/or stagnating at a very low level. CAP subsidies helped to improve productivity and profitability but Hungarian agriculture's per hectare and per worker indicators are still very far from those of its main competitors in Western Europe. Our intention with this paper is to highlight the main lessons learned from the EU accession of Hungary in agricultural sector, to display how production and trade flows have changed and to explore the reasons behind these changes.
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