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1

Controversies about the External and Internal Goals of Science

100%
Piatek Z.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
|
2007
|
vol. 16
|
issue 3(63)
141-153
EN
The paper analyzes Krajewski's claim that internal goals of science (such as truth, depth and simplicity) as well as external goals (such as practical applications of knowledge) are both significant but only the latter are fundamental from social point of view. Krajewski's conception is confronted with opinions held in evolutionary psychology
2

IMAGINATION AND FITNESS: AN EVOLUTIONARY VIEWPOINT

80%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2007
|
vol. 16
7-32
EN
The three hypotheses have been verified in the experiments presented in this paper: according to the first one, possessing the creative imagination increases human fitness; according to the second one - one condition to fulfill an adaptation function by imagination is possessing imagery which is adjusted to the situation (e.g. the reproductive imagination - the usual situation; the creative imagination - the unusual situation); according to the third hypothesis - which derived from the sexual selection theory - possessing the creative imagination by males has a very important influence for an estimation of the males' fitness made by females and - on the basis of the compatibility rule - for an estimation of the males' fitness made by males. In the experiment subjects estimated fitness indicators of a woman and a man differentiating in possessing a kind of imagination and kind of situation in which they appeared. The results supported the first hypothesis, but with reference to the 'copying' fitness indicator only. In this case, in opinion of subjects the 'experimental woman' as well as the 'experimental man' who posses the creative imagination will better copy in the presented situations that characters who posses the reproduction imagery. In reference to the second hypothesis (as well as in reference to the 'copying' fitness indicator) it showed that adaptation's benefits which are tied with possessing the creative as well as reproductive imagination admittedly exist but despite the kind of situation in which they are useful. The third hypothesis hasn't been supported. The compatibility rule was supported only in the case of a man fitness estimation, man who had the creative imagination and was in the usual situation. Thus it seems that both genders prefer the specific kind of the creative imagination - the 'creative practical imagination' and preference by women the males' creative imagination in the unusual situation is additional, 'fuzzy' selection criterion and it can be very important in some conditions (for example, excess of males on the 'sexual market').
3

THE PATTERNS OF ATTRACTIVENESS OF WOMEN'S AND MEN'S BODIES. WAS EVOLUTION UNFAIR TO WOMEN?

80%
Szmajke A.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2005
|
vol. 13
145-167
EN
The comparisons between psychological well-being of men and women have pointed to poorer quality of lives of the latter. At the same time females seem to be more focused on their physical attractiveness and less satisfied with it than males. Some regularities described by evolutionary psychology suggest that the lower women's level of satisfaction with their looks and negative consequences it brings for their psychological well-being might stem from evolutionary determined differences in psychological mechanisms of evaluating physical attractiveness of each gender.The experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that a single commonly shared pattern of the attractiveness of the female's figure exists in contemporary people's minds, whereas no such a common pattern can be identified for the man's figure. As a result, women's physical attractiveness was expected to be assessed more severely than men's one. Moreover, the most attractive female figure was expected to be evaluated more positively than the most attractive male figure. The subjects assessed the attractiveness of male and female figures shown in drawings. The male and female figures varied along three anatomical parameters: the chest-to-hip ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio and massiveness.The predictions were fully confirmed by the obtained results. It was found that 70% of the participants considered the same female figure to be the most attractive, whereas no more than 30% of the subjects agreed on the most attractive male figure; different male figures were pointed to be the most attractive by relatively small percentages (27-7%) of the subjects. None of the male figures received as high evaluations as the most attractive female figure. On the other hand fewer female figures were considered to be 'attractive' compared with the male ones, and more of the female figures were labelled as 'unattractive'.The identified difference in the mechanisms of evaluating men and women's physical attractiveness make it more difficult for an average woman to be perceived as attractive than for an average man, which might - even if only partly - explain the disparity between men's and women's psychological well-being.
4

K JEDNÉMU POKUSU O EVOLUČNÉ VYSVETLENIE MORÁLKY

80%
Spodniak S.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2020
|
vol. 75
|
issue 7
584 – 595
EN
The aim of the paper is to critically analyse one of the many attempts to explain the origin of our morality using evolutionary theory. Specifically, this paper deals with an anthropological theory presented by Curry, Mullins and Whitehouse in which they predict existence of seven universal moral patterns. They assume that these patterns and morality as such are a biological and cultural response to a need to establish cooperation in human societies. Several weaknesses of their moral theory are pointed out with the conclusion that their theory may be able to explain why it is advantageous with respect to natural selection to prefer certain behaviour, but not why we attribute moral evaluations to a given behaviour. Therefore, their theory does not provide a reason to regard moral elements analysed in the paper as evolutionarily acquired adaptations.
5

UNDERSTANDING JOKES AND UNDERSTANDING CULTURE. A SENSE OF HUMOUR AND MEMBERSHIP OF A CULTURAL SOCIETY

80%
Kozlowski T.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
|
2007
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vol. 51
|
issue 1
51-69
EN
The author of the article concentrates on the issue of the role of humour and jokes in the social life of a person and the qualitative jump which that person makes in understanding humorous situations at around 3-4 years of age. Supporting his argument with theses from the realms of psychology and evolutionary sociology, he points out the possible lines along which laughter and humour could have developed in the primates, including Homo Sapiens. The key concept in these deliberations is the theory of mind module, the mental capacity which makes possible empathy, the manipulation of the partner in the interaction and the understanding of the false convictions which seem to be the foundations of understanding humorous situations. While referring to his own observations the author tries to outline the principles governing human laughter depending on the presence of the theory of mind module. He points out that it is that which enriches interaction and the exchange of information which is important from a social point of view. The conclusions drawn from the concept of the theory of thought also allows for acknowledgement of the fact that understanding the punch line is based on the same mechanisms as understanding the essence of culture, as a result of which the thesis can be put forward that there is a very strong tie between a person's level of culture and their ability to perceive humorous situations.
6

THE REPRODUCTIVE AND CREATIVE IMAGERY: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

80%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2007
|
vol. 15
47-73
EN
The hypotesis has been formulated that the decison about generation of a creative imagery is made if a representation which is characterized by a low level of analogy with object from natural world is usefulness in the context of the task. However, the decision about generation of a reproductive imagery is made if a representation which is characterized by high level of similarity to the object form natural world is usefulness in the context of the task. Because there are different adaptation targets of reproductive and creative imagery, it was also assumed that surprising stimulus will affect the computation mechanism to produce the imagery with higher originality level and lower similarity level of imaginated objects to virtual objects than forseeable stimulus. On the other hand it can be assumed that forseeable stimulus are able to stimulate the computation mechanism to produce the imagery with lower originality level but higher similarity level than the surprising stimulus. Because the general intelligence as well as imagination are specific 'survival tools' and they increase subject's fitness, it is assumed to appear a postive correlation between the general (fluency) intelligence and adequacy of decisions made by the computation mechanism: in the conditions inducing generation of reproductive imagery it anticipated a positive correlation between the fluency intelligence and similarity of imaginated objects to ones existing in the virtual world but a negative correlation between the fluency intelligence and originality of the imagery; exactly the inverse relation was expected in the experimental conditions inducing generation of creative imagery. The first hypothesis was partially confirmed. The experiment didn't confirm relations of the fluency intelligence and the computation mechanism adequatness. The results of experiment were discussed from neuropsychological perspective and a necessity to use other kinds of measurement of the fluence intelligence than Raven's test in the future research was stressed.
7

ENEMY FROM WITHIN AND HIS REPUTATION: INVESTIGATION OF WITCHCRAFT AND GOSSIP IN ANTHROPOLOGY (Nepriatel zvnutra a jeho povest: skumanie bosoractva a klebiet v antropologii)

80%
Buzekova T.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 2
130-146
EN
The paper deals with investigation of witchcraft and gossip in anthropology. These two phenomena are interconnected and they have been examined by scholars since the early period of anthropological research. Anthropologists didn't deny that both witchcraft and gossip have psychological dimension, but it was not easy to deal with them theoretically. After presentation of the key points of anthropological investigation of witchcraft and gossip the authoress introduces the current perspective of evolutionary psychology. This psychology integrates principles and results which are drawn from evolutionary biology, cognitive science, anthropology, and neuroscience.
8

FROM SENSES TO SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS. THE EVOLUTIONARY INVESTIGATION OF PETER GARDENFORS (Od zmyslow do samoswiadomosci. Ewolucyjne sledztwo Petera Gardenforsa)

70%
Kwiatek L.
Semina Scientiarum
|
2010
|
vol. 9
148-169
EN
In his book 'How Homo Became Sapiens: On the Evolution of Thinking', Peter Gardenfors, a professor of cognitive science at the University of Lund, presents his original concept concerning the order of the increase of the number of functions of human mind such as planning, imitation, understanding of reasons or self-consciousness. Gardenfors assumes the modular theory of mind and tries to substantiate why natural selection prefers those organisms which minds were equipped with these functions. The present article is a summary of the main idea of Gardenfors, an explanation of his terms and an attempt to draw a philosophical conclusions of Gardenfors' concept.
9

CONSANGUINITY, LOCUS OF CONTROL, AND AGREEABLENESS AND RATE OF SOCIAL DISCOUNTING

70%
Ostaszewski P., Englisz J.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
41-50
EN
The aim of this research was twofold: (1) to find out if there is a relationship between the rate of social discounting, and the degree of consanguinity with the sharing group members, (2) to find out if the rate of social discounting correlates with two personality traits: Rotter's locus of control, and agreeableness from the Costa's and McCrae's Five Factors personality model. Participants completed a social discounting questionnaire, Rotter's I-E Scale, and Costa's and McCrae's NEO FFI questionnaire. In the social discounting questionnaire participants' task was to indicate their preferences regarding pairs of hypothetical amounts of money: one to be received for themselves, and the other one to be shared with the group of relatives or strangers. The rate of social discounting was higher when the sharing group consisted of strangers as opposed to the group consisted of relatives. In addition, a positive correlation was revealed between the rate of social discounting and the degree of agreeableness. The results support a hypothesis stating that people prefer to share a reward with relatives rather then with strangers. The finding can be explained within an evolutionary psychology framework. It can be understood as an example of kin altruism.
10

MORALITY IN THE LIGHT OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCES (Moralnosc w swietle nauk ewolucyjnych)

61%
Hohol M.
Semina Scientiarum
|
2010
|
vol. 9
132-147
EN
The current paper puts forward the relationship between morality and evolutionary sciences and limits of evolutionary explanation. In order to study these connections, the following steps are taken: firstly, structure of evolutionary theory is presented. General evolutionary mechanisms (natural selection, sexual selection, kin selection) are summarized in detail. Secondly, middle-level evolutionary theories (reciprocal altruism, parental investment, parent-offspring conflict) are presented in context of morality and ethics. Thirdly, relationships between two visions of morality - 'Veneer Theory' and 'View of Morality as an Outgrowth of the Social Instincts' - are discussed in the light of the scientific arguments. Finally, the need to consider cognitive science and evolutionary psychology in naturalizing morality is demonstrated.
11

THE EVOLUTION OF ETHNOCENTRISM

51%
Marosan G.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2008
|
vol. 63
|
issue 4
709-731
EN
The article - based on the latest results - reconstruct the main steps of evolution ethnocentrism. It identifies the most important stages of the development of ethnocentrism within the societies. In the past years - besides analyzing the other-regarding behavior - more and more experiments were carried out to examine definitely the effect of ethnocentric behavior, and the formation of this kind of behavior during the socialization. The article argues that it is useful to differentiate between the stages of emergence of ethnocentrism. Analyzing the complex phenomena of ethnocentric behavior one can separate as distinct stages the emergence of the ethnocentric psychological attitude, than stereotyping and prejudices, and finally the emergence of complex ethnocentric ideology, as a social institution.
12

UNDERSTANDING OF INTENTIONS, SHARED INTENTIONS: THE ORIGINS OF CULTURAL THINKING

41%
Tomasello M., Carpenter M., Call J., Behne T., Moll H.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2007
|
vol. 62
|
issue 1
61-105
EN
The authors propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with others and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and evolution, enabling everything from the creation and use of linguistic symbols to the construction of social norms and individual beliefs to the establishment of social institutions. In support of this proposal we argue and present evidence that great apes (and some children with autism) understand the basics of intentional action, but they still do not participate in activities involving joint intentions and attention (shared intentionality). Human children's skills of shared intentionality develop gradually during the first 14 months of life as two ontogenetic pathways intertwine: 1. the general ape line of understanding others as animate, goal-directed, and intentional agents; and 2. a species-unique motivation to share emotions, experience, and activities with other persons. The developmental outcome is children's ability to construct dialogic cognitive representations, which enable them to participate in earnest in the collectivity that is human cognition.
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