Search results

1

On the variable of strategic culture: Modus operandi of military interventions in the Middle East

100%

Bivainis A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

|

2019

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vol. 23

|

issue 1

97-125

EN

The research subject of this article is the variable of strategic culture that has been subjected to some academic inertia since the Cold War period. The aim of this article is to define practical implications of the strategic culture through the prism of the neoclassical realist theory. It supports the argument that military interventional precedents in the Middle East since 2011 have been revealing adaptive considerations of the strategic culture as an intervening variable that implies interventional military decisions by the U.S. and its coalition partners. The first part of the article defines the precise role of this intervening variable as military interventional precedents are researched. This task is conducted by defining the general understanding of interventional initiatives, revealing structured assumptions of the neoclassical realist theory, and reconsidering the role of the strategic culture within that theoretical framework. The second part of the article shifts the attention to supportive empirical considerations regarding the strategic culture and perception of operational ideas – two specifi cally highlighted neoclassical realist assumptions. The article discloses that Western strategic culture is a changing intervening variable with a different level of permissiveness. A changing continuum of permissiveness is implied by interventional experiences that shape perception of the structural environment and dictate preferences for the power scale of interventional decisions. From this, the level of the structural environment’s permissiveness is defined. This permissiveness is associated with capabilities for implementing political objectives without further escalations of military power. Once the systemic environment becomes more permissive, the possibility of activating military intervention of various force-escalation becomes more conceivable.

2

Mid-twelfth-century Poland between East and West – confl icts, alliances, marriages

100%

Biniaś-Szkopek M.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2015

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issue 2(9)

15-35

EN

Mid-twelfth century was a unique period in the history of Poland. A powerful state, which successfully stood up to the western powers and easily forged alliances with its eastern neighbour, Poland was increasingly riven by internal confl icts. It is worth noting that poised between the East and the West, Poland was a major state in twelfth-century Europe. Throughout this period, both Holy Roman Empire and the papacy, depressed by internal conflicts, remained somewhat powerless against Poland, which successfully applied a policy of avoiding open confl icts and – under threat – stood up to diplomatic interventions, and even direct invasions. On the other hand, this specific period saw strong and fruitful alliances with Rus, continuously more weakened by internal confl icts. The Polish-Rusian coalitions were successfully reinforced by marriages.

3

Hermann Hesse i jego magiczne mosty

100%

Wieczorkiewicz A.

Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze

|

2014

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vol. 5

EN

This article discusses Hermann Hesse’s short trip to Asia in 1911 and its peculiar symbolism. The trip created an area of references which he used in his writing. He transformed experience of this trip and expectations connected therewith artistically and philosophically, building a special variation of the topos of the way to the East. This topos was widely employed in the times of counterculture, which had transformed it in its own way, but it is still vital today.

4

Polski Wykop, czyli Wschód Andrzeja Stasiuka

100%

Sienkiewicz M.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

|

2017

|

issue 22/3

83-91

EN

The aim of this paper is to compare and discuss, direct and indirect, intertextual references to Andrzej Platonov’s The Foundation Pit in The East of Andrzej Stasiuk. A. Stasiuk’s novel is an attempt of self-discovery, finding own roots, seeing „clarity of existence”. Autobiographical narrator of the novel often refers to fragments of The Foundation Pit by A. Platonov, which he finds in the past of his grandparents, his parents and his own. Characters in both novels try to find the same sense, hidden truth, despite time and geographical gap dividing them. Traveller from The East, communism child, recalls resettlement and Jewish extermination, in other words about matter annihilation. Image of Poles, Russians, Chinese people and communism creates integral whole and forces to reflect over past, present and future times. Whereas the East, which according to narrator, begins at the east bank of Vistula and reaches to China, becomes a foundation pit, where through fire and destruction, foundations of communism were built.

5

The West and the East at Davos — Where Is the Order and Where the Chaos?

100%

Khomasuridze T.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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2019

|

issue 1

86-91

EN

The purpose of this article is to investigate the challenges that result from the convergence of different thoughts and opinions of eastern and western civilizations. We would like to emphasize the role of the international forum in the dialogue of these two sides, and the preconditions that are reflected in the dialogue on the Davos platform on social and political processes in the world. In addition, what changes have been produced by the formation of two different cultures and what positive or negative effects are reflected in the life of the peoples of the modern world. The subjects of our interests are the geographical spaces, as economic-political concepts, the geostrategic areas, including the aspects of dialogue between two different cultures. During the study of presented paper has been used Georgian, English, Spanish, German and Russian sources and literature, which gave a great background to the development of multilateral analytical discussions.

6

"Handbuch der Geschichte Russlands", Band 6: "Einführung in Literatur, Quellen und Hilfsmittel", von Peter Hoffmann ; unter Mitarbeit von Lothar Kölm, Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2004

86%

Dębowska M.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2004

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vol. 82

459-463

7

Słowiańsko-germańska tragifarsa literacka – post(-)kolonialna konfrontacja wschodu i zachodu w twórczości Andrzeja Stasiuka

81%

Kalin A.

Porównania

|

2014

|

vol. 14

109-127

EN

In the article I look at the confrontation between East and West in the works of Andrzej Stasiuk through the context of post colonialism – both understood as an original cultural diagnosis and as a method of reading the writer’s works. Firstly, mythologizing “little homeland”, secondly, designing “the great motherland” of Central Europe, Stasiuk finally made a step toward describing and confronting Polish (Slavic, Central European) and German (Western) cultural and psychological experience (plays Night. Slavo-Germanic medical tragifarce, Dark Woods and the quasi-travelogue book Dojczland). The latter works are examples of cross-border stories in which ethnic clichés (auto- and heterostereotypes) resulting from centuries-old relationship became not only the main literary subject but also a creative method, with the help of humour and irony, as well as provocation.

PL

W artykule przyglądam się konfrontacji Wschodu i Zachodu w twórczości Andrzeja Stasiuka w kontekście postkolonializmu – rozumianego zarówno jako autorska diagnoza kulturowa, jak i metoda odczytania twórczości tego pisarza. Po okresie mityzacji „małej ojczyzny”, następnie konstrukcji Stasiukowej „wielkiej ojczyzny” Europy Środkowej, nastąpił w twórczości pisarza etap opisujący i konfrontujący polskie (słowiańskie, środkowoeuropejskie) i niemieckie (zachodnie) doświadczenie kulturowe i psychologiczne (sztuki Noc. Słowiańsko-germańska tragifarsa medyczna, Ciemny las oraz książka quasi-podróżnicza Dojczland). Te ostatnie utwory stanowią przykład opowieści o międzykulturowej granicy, w których sztampowość wyobrażeń etnicznych (autoi heterostereotypów) wynikających z wielowiekowych relacji zależnościowych stała się głównym tematem i zarazem metodą twórczą przy pomocy humoru, ironii, ale także prowokacji.

8

Obrazy Wschodu we współczesnych powieściach hausańskich

72%

Will I.

Afryka

|

2016

|

issue 43

35-52

EN

The article touches upon the topic of contemporary Hausa novels called littattafan soyayya - “books of love” by the Hausa people themselves and “market literature” by literary critics. These novels deal with the subjects of love, marriage, family customs and moral issues and belong to the realist genre. The main aim of the article is to show the stereotypical image of the East through the lens of Hausa writers. First, the history of the Hausa novels written in Latin alphabet is overviewed. Next, the stereotypical vision of several countries of the East is discussed and illustrated by quotations from the novels. From the Hausa perspective, Saudi Arabia is a pilgrimage destination, but also a modern country in which one can study, work, find high-quality health service and buy things unavailable in Nigeria. Egypt is a place for religious and secular studies, but also a destination of health tourism. Exceptionally beautiful women come from Sudan and India. The United Arab Emirates is portrayed as a modern and highly developed country.

9

Exploring Intercultural Differences between East and West throughout Cultural Dimensions and Literature

72%

Pondelíková (Styková) I.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio N – Educatio Nova

|

2020

|

issue 5

EN

The article explores intercultural differences between East and West throughout cultural dimensions and literature. Already existing sociological research is supplemented with literary one, thus creating a modern way of performing research in the field of interculture. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions became the basis of the presented research as well as literary texts originally written in English, whose plot is set in the selected Muslim countries (Iran and Afghanistan).

PL

W artykule opisano różnice międzykulturowe między Wschodem i Zachodem w wymiarze kulturowym oraz w literaturze. Istniejące badania socjologiczne są uzupełniane badaniami literackimi, co stanowi nowoczesny sposób prowadzenia badań w dziedzinie międzykulturowej. Kulturowe wymiary Hofstede stały się podstawą przedstawionych badań, a także tekstów literackich pierwotnie napisanych w języku angielskim, których fabuła rozgrywa się w wybranych krajach muzułmańskich (Iran i Afganistan).

10

Losy Polaków na Wschodzie. Od epoki zaborów, przez tragiczny wiek dwudziesty do trudnej współczesności

72%

Kita J., Marciniak W.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

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2017

|

vol. 17

11-21

EN

Siberia, exile, wandering, captivity – there are an experiences accompanying the another generations of Poles, who were affected by the oppressive policy of the eastern neighbor of our country – Russia (USSR). Independently from the historical forms of power that had been governed over the Neva or the Kremlin, the Polish fates in the East bring to mind most often these martyrological pages of the history of the native. In fact, the repressions suffered by many Poles from the Russian (and Soviet) state were so severe that it is difficult to make other associations. The first generation of Polish exiles in Siberia was found themselves there in the XVIIIth century after defeat of the Bar Confederation. The next, significant in terms of numbers the deportations, became a consequence of further lost XIXth century national uprisings, and in the last decades of the annexation era, they were the result of underground and revolutionary activity undertaken by later generations of Poles. Twentieth century history is an another chapter – mass repressions against Poles-citizens of the USSR in the 1930s, exiles and deportations of the inhabitants of the Second Polish Republic during World War II, or imprisonment in the camps of the „GULAG archipelago” in the post-war Stalinist period is an era of brutal dissent of the totalitarian regime with Poles. A tsar’s deportations, or even a captivity, is something completely different from the Stalinist gulags, prisons and exile. They are connected only by the geographical direction – East.

11

Losy Polaków na Wschodzie. Od caratu, przez stalinizm po trudną współczesność

72%

Kita J., Marciniak W.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

|

2017

|

vol. 18

9-19

EN

Siberia, exile, wandering, captivity – there are an experiences accompanying the another generations of Poles, who were affected by the oppressive policy of the eastern neighbor of our country – Russia (USSR). Independently from the historical forms of power that had been governed over the Neva or the Kremlin, the Polish fates in the East bring to mind most often these martyrological pages of the history of the native. In fact, the repressions suffered by many Poles from the Russian (and Soviet) state were so severe that it is difficult to make other associations. The first generation of Polish exiles in Siberia was found themselves there in the XVIIIth century after defeat of the Bar Confederation. The next, significant in terms of numbers the deportations, became a consequence of further lost XIXth century national uprisings, and in the last decades of the annexation era, they were the result of underground and revolutionary activity undertaken by later generations of Poles. Twentieth century history is an another chapter – mass repressions against Poles-citizens of the USSR in the 1930s, exiles and deportations of the inhabitants of the Second Polish Republic during World War II, or imprisonment in the camps of the „GULAG archipelago” in the post-war Stalinist period is an era of brutal dissent of the totalitarian regime with Poles. A tsar’s deportations, or even a captivity, is something completely different from the Stalinist gulags, prisons and exile. They are connected only by the geographical direction – East.

12

Imaginación cosmológica, espiritualidad católica y sensibilidad contemplativa: La meditación cristiana en Argentina

72%

Ludueña G. A.

Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review

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2020

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issue 26

265-290

EN

Abstract: This article analyses the cosmological dimension of the practice of “Christian Meditation” in Argentina, which is envisioned as a post-Vatican II laity movement inspired by a contemplative sensitivity. The study identifies two axes that structure this form of meditation. Firstly, there is an ecumenical perspective centered around a mythical narrative about the East and the patristics; and, on the other hand, a notion of person oriented toward interiority, intimacy with divinity and wellbeing. The research states that this cosmology makes room for an alternative Catholic spirituality because of an ontological displacement from religious values of the church. In this sense, the secularization of meditation erases the distinction between religion and spirituality and develops a personal non-individualistic autonomy among meditators.

ES

Este artículo analiza la dimensión cosmológica de la práctica de la “meditación cristiana” en Argentina, la cual es definida como una manifestación laical posconciliar inspirada en una sensibilidad contemplativa. En el estudio se identifican dos ejes que estructuran la cosmología de esta forma de meditación. A saber, la perspectiva ecuménica centrada en una narrativa sobre Oriente y la patrística; y, en segundo lugar, una noción de persona orientada hacia la interioridad, la intimidad divina y el bienestar. La investigación concluye que esta cosmología da lugar a una espiritualidad católica alternativa a partir de un desplazamiento ontológico respecto de valores religiosos de la iglesia. En este sentido, la secularización de la meditación disuelve la tensión entre religión y espiritualidad, y desarrolla una autonomía personal no individualista en los meditadores.

13

Badania nad Polakami na Wschodzie w Instytucie Polonijnym KUL

72%

Walewander E.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

|

1998

|

vol. 69

449-456

EN

-

14

Wyprawy na Wschód – literatura współczesna wobec problemu tożsamości

71%

Czyżak A.

Polonistyka. Innowacje

|

2018

|

issue 8

127-138

EN

The article contains consideration on changes of ways to create pictures of East in Polish literature after the second World War. In the 80s of the twentieth century writers start breaking stereotypes with assitance of intertextuality and subjectivization (e.g. Zostało z uczty bogów by Igor Newerly, Stankiewicz. Powrót by Eustachy Rylski, Drabina Jakubowa by Władysław Terlecki). In the twenty-first century those tendencies increased – an important example is Sońka written by Ignacy Karpowicz, the novel is very popular among young readers.

PL

Artykuł zawiera rozważania dotyczące przemian w kreowaniu obrazów Wschodu w powojennej literaturze polskiej. W latach 80. XX wieku pisarze zaczęli w rozmaity sposób naruszać istniejące stereotypy, przede wszystkim przez wprowadzanie intertekstualnych gier oraz subiektywizację obrazu (m.in. Igor Newerly Zostało z uczty bogów, Eustachy Rylski Stankiewicz. Powrót, Władysław Terlecki Drabina Jakubowa). W XXI wieku tendencje te zaczęły narastać – wyrazistym przykładem może być Sońka Ignacego Karpowicza, powieść, która zdobyła popularność także wśród młodych czytelników.

15

Orient w twórczości „polskich poetów kaukaskich” (na przykładzie twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego, Władysława Strzelnickiego, Michała Butowta-Andrzejkowicza)

61%

Sattarov S.

Tematy i Konteksty

|

2019

|

vol. 14

|

issue 9

313-326

EN

This paper deals with the theme of the Orient in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” (Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki, Władysław Strzelnicki and Michał Butowt-Andrzejkowicz), as well as the causes of their interests in The East and The Caucasus. According to the author, it is connected with the blossoming of Romanticism in Europe and Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Romantic writers very often referred in their creativity to the themes of romantic love, knighthood, fight for freedom, nature and its beauty, spiritual essence, Orient, world of fantasies and imagination, as well as mythologism or mysticism. The theme of the Orient allowed them to combine all the above-mentioned themes. For “Polish Caucasian poets”, the Caucasus was the East, and romanticism in their creation contributed to view the Caucasus as a different (than ordinary) world offering other possibilities, a different degree and quality of freedom.Therefore, the romanticism of “Polish Caucasian poets” was closely connected with Caucasian orientalism, which enriched Polish literature with new contents. Orientalism in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” acquired its specificity with the dominant motives referring to freedom, descriptions of nature and beautiful Caucasian landscapes, Eastern (Azerbaijani) mythology, etc. In this way, “Polish Caucasian poets” brought to the Polish romantic literature hitherto unknown in it a new exotic Caucasian colouration and played an important role in the development of relations between the Polish culture and the cultures of Caucasian peoples.

16

Kanoniczna i liturgiczna strona małżeństwa na chrześcijańskim wschodzie w I tysiącleciu

58%

Paprocki H.

Vox Patrum

|

1985

|

vol. 8

311-319

FR

Cet article est consacre a la problematique de sacrement du mariage dans l’Eglise byzantine surtout sur les questions liturgiques et canoniques

17

O powrocie Polski do Europy. Przyczynek do rekonceptualizacji dychotomii centrum-peryferie.

58%

Grzymski J.

Kultura i Polityka

|

2010

|

issue 7

68-82

PL

Transformacja przeprowadzana w latach 90. miała, w powszechnym odczuciu,dokonać modernizacji i europeizacji Polski oraz przeistoczyć ją (przetransformować) z kraju wschodniego w kraj zachodni. Zarówno z punktu widzenia entuzjastów, jak i krytyków westernizacji pytanie o bilans transformacji sprowadzałoby się więc do tego, czy Polska stała się już krajem centralnym, zachodnim i pozbyła się piętna wschodniości i peryferyjności? W artykule kreślę inny model interpretacji procesu transformacji, statusu peryferii i europeizacji Polski, wykraczający poza schemat udanej/nieudanej westernizacji, twórczej/imitacyjnej linearnej przemiany w kraj demokratyczny, wolnorynkowy, zachodni. Uznaję jednak za bardzo relewantną dychotomię przestrzenną Zachód-Wschód. W latach 90. pozycja Polski była ambiwalentna – zarazem w Europie i nie-wpełni-europejska, czego uosobieniem było traktowanie naszego kraju zarówno przez Zachód, jak i przez samych Polaków jako części Europy Wschodniej. Wschodniość odnosiła się do głęboko zakorzenionej reprezentacji peryferyjności i zacofania. Transformacja w Polsce i „wschodnie” rozszerzenie Unii Europejskiej, które, według wielu, wieńczyło reformy rozpoczęte w 1989 roku w dawnych krajach postkomunistycznych, były podtrzymywane w znaczącym stopniu przez esencjalizującą różnicę między Europą i Europą Wschodnią. Zamiast mówić o absolutnej dychotomii centrum-peryferie mieliśmy raczej do czynienia ze złożoną strukturą odcieni i stopniowania europejskości oraz wschodniości. W istocie każde miejsce w Europie Wschodniej czy w Polsce może być skonstruowane jako europejskie albo wschodnioeuropejskie. Przestrzeń oraz ludzie w Europie są bowiem klasyfikowani poprzez stopniowanie europejskości i wschodniości. Jest to gradacja Europy i Wschodu za pomocą bliskości i podobieństwa do wyidealizowanej Europy i zorientalizowanego Wschodu. W tym sensie paradoksalnie w centrum jest miejsce na peryferie, jak i na peryferiach jest miejsce dla centrum. Dyskurs „wschodniego” rozszerzenia UE zakładał podział Europy na w pełni europejskie centrum i nie-w-pełni-europejską Europę Wschodnią. Mimo że w latach 90. często przywoływano opozycję centrum-peryferie, w niniejszym artykule będę bronił tezy, że nie można mówić o całkowitym dualizmie tych dwóch pojęć.

EN

The accession of Poland to the European Union (EU) is commonly regarded as the successful finalization of the consecutive stages in European integration and the end point of the transformation sarted after 1989. In an ecstatic style, Timothy Garton Ash announced after the first round of the so-called ‘Eastern’ Enlargement, that it eventually made Europe ‘whole and free’. Nevertheless, the process of both political transformations and integration efforts aiming to meet EU entry conditions revealed a distinction between Europe and Eastern Europe, where the latter represented the distance from and the lack of “Europeanness” (the essential and idealized Europe). One could argue that there was a kind of dual framing of Eastern Europe as being simultaneously in Europe and not yet European. In the meantime, Poland and most of the countries called either ‘Eastern’, ‘Central-Eastern,’ ‘South-Eastern’ or ‘Central’ European in bulk strongly referred to their profound Europeanness and their historiographies rendered it one of the most vital topos. Therefore, it seems to be paradoxical that during the post-socialist transformation the watchword, ‘the Return to Europe’ captured political and popular imaginations in those countries. For many, ‘being in transition’ meant linear passage from authoritarian rule to democratic, from a socialist, state-ruled economy to a market economy and finally from Europe’s East to Europe Proper. From this perspective the meaning of terms like ‘Europe’ and ‘democracy’ were predominantly taken for granted and treated as given, natural and transhistorical. Europe was perceived as doomed by the historical necessity to be ‘whole,’ ‘free’ and ‘democratic.’ In the enlargement discourse there was the categorization of Europe into a fully European core and not-yet-fully European Eastern Europe. The interesting, emerging question is how this discourse constructs the accession states as learners and adopters of European norms. The massive learning process employed by Central European politicians and intellectuals – i.e. adherence to the EU conditionality – was predominantly maintained by rhetorical strategies to discursively locate their own countries in ‘Europe’ while ‘othering’ their Eastern neighbours.

18

Cultural Differences In War-Making: Why Do Different Cultures Fight Wars Differently?

58%

Cota M.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

|

2014

|

vol. 8

|

issue 2

215-228

PL

Każda kultura ma swój sposób prowadzenia działań wojennych. Celem pracy jest zbadanie konfliktu zbrojnego w różnych społeczeństwach i kulturach. Analizując kluczowe parametry i zmienne dotyczące pojęcia wojny i strategii, autor koncentruje na różnicach kulturowych w sposobach prowadzenia wojny przez czołowe organizacje militarne. W przeciwieństwie do innych publikacji, które szczegółowo opisują kluczowe cechy działań wojennych pomiędzy społeczeństwami różnymi kulturowo na przestrzeni wieków, niniejsze opracowanie kładzie nacisk na strategię. Kultura strategiczna jest czynnikiem dominującym, który determinuje sposób, w jaki społeczeństwo prowadzi wojnę.

EN

The paper gives insight into the subject of culturally different ways of war-making. The objective is to further examine armed conflict in different societies and cultures. By analyzing key parameters and variables of the concept of war and strategy, the paper puts into focus cultural differences between the ways of making war by prominent military organizations. Unlike other publications, which elaborated in detail key features of warfare between various culturally different societies throughout history, this paper puts stress on strategy. Strategic culture is the dominant factor which decides how the society wages war.

19

Emocje w kontekście podróży literackich Andrzeja Stasiuka na Wschód: smutek, strach, nostalgia

58%

Kanasz T.

Zoon Politikon

|

2021

|

issue 12

1-28

EN

The aim of the article is to interpret Andrzej Stasiuk's literary journeys to the East from the perspective of the sociology of emotions. Motives of the journey, the names of feelings that Stasiuk uses in his journey to the East and the emotions he assigns to the Other, as well as the manner of their expression and contextualization were examined. The imagined and experienced East is presented in relation to sadness, fear and nostalgia, which fits in the context of experiencing communism and traveling to peripheral, non-touristic places. The findings motivate treating literature as a culturally significant source of data for exploring feeling rules and emotional regimes expressed by the author and characters.

PL

Celem artykułu jest interpretacja literackich podróży na Wschód Andrzeja Stasiuka z perspektywy socjologii emocji. Refleksji poddano motywy podróży, eksplorowano nazwy uczuć, których Stasiuk używa w podróży na Wschód i emocje, które przypisuje Innemu oraz sposób ich wyrażania i kontekstualizacji. Wyobrażony oraz doświadczany Wschód jest przedstawiany w odniesieniu do smutku, strachu i nostalgii, co wpisuje się w kontekst przeżywania komunizmu oraz podróży do miejsc peryferyjnych, nieturystycznych. Wyniki badania motywują do wykorzystania literatury jako kulturowo istotnego źródła danych w odkrywaniu reguł odczuwania oraz reżimów emocjonalnych wyrażanych przez autora oraz bohaterów.

20

"Appellatio Flaviani ad papam Leonem" (?). Wokół władzy papieskiej na Wschodzie

58%

Nocoń A.

Vox Patrum

|

2004

|

vol. 46

323-333

IT

Il quesito principale circa l'esercizio dei primato di papa Leone Magno riguarda il genere e la dimensione del suo potere in Oriente: fu soltanto un primato d'onore oppure anche di giurisdizione? Alcuni studiosi si dicono favorevoli a conoscergli un primato di giurisdizione, altri risultano invece contrari a rawisare qua!siasi forma di autoritá giurisdizionale al di fuori del patriarcato romano. Nel 1882 Guerrino Amelii, bibliotecario dellAmbrosiana, presentó l’Appellatio, da lui scoperta, che egli stesso defini come „la piu splendida testimonianza che la storia abbia registrato in favore della suprema giurisdizione della Sede Apostolica su tutta la Chiesa e la prova piu convincente della sua superiorita sopra gli stessi Generali Concili”. La storicita del documento e argomento ancora aperto, ma esso apre, ad ogni modo, uno spiraglio su quella problematica dell'esercizio del primato di papa Leone Magno, che riveste ancor oggi una grande importanza nel contesto del dialogo ecumenico. Questo documento, che comproverebbe il riconoscimento al Pontifece di una responsabilita su tutta la Chiesa quale fondamento di unita dei vescovi e dei cristiani, ispira infatti il dialogo ecumenico, presentando Roma come sede di appello nelle controversie nel rispetto delle istanze intermedie. Questa tematica e tuttora vitale in campo ecumenico come forma di riconoscimento del Primato Pontifece e si rddica nelle consuetudini dei primi tempi della vita della Chiesa.

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