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1

Environmental Management of ISO 14001 System Enforcement in EU Countries

100%

Zębek E. M.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2021

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vol. 44

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issue 1

53-80

EN

The European Union International Organization for Standardization management system for the environment (ISO 14001) is established by European Commission Regulation 1221/2009. This legislates a voluntary system where organizations can register in a community eco-management and audit scheme. In the literature, this standard is recognized as an instrument of international environmental protection law, introduced by soft law regulations. ISO 14001 has been implemented by many global and European organizations, and it strives to improve the quality of their environmental resources. It was considered that the ISO 14001 eco-management and audit scheme enforced protection of environment in EU countries by imposing the obligation to implement appropriate legal regulations in this area. This article aims is determine what legal solutions in chosen UE countries enable the effective implementation of ISO 14001 and what positive effects it has on the state of the environment in these countries. The results demonstrated that the number of certified organizations is increasing despite the many difficulties and costs of implementing and organizing required environmental protection areas. The implementation of ISO 14001 was described using the example of Poland and Italy compared to other EU countries. The uptake identifies improved environmental quality, and this is confirmed by indicators of decreasing gas emissions and increasing waste recycling which improve global air, soil and water quality. The higher implementation index of the ISO 14001 standard in Italy translates into higher environmental quality indicators in this country than in Poland.

2

Competition Law Framework in Kosovo and the Role of the EU in Promoting Competition Policies in Other Countries and Regions Wishing to Join the Block

100%

Mucaj A.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2020

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vol. 13

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issue 22

89-116

FR

L’objectif de cet article est, d’une part, de fournir un aperçu du cadre du droit de la concurrence au Kosovo en ce qui concerne la constitution de l’Autorité de la concurrence du Kosovo («l’Autorité»), sa conception institutionnelle ainsi que les critères de sélection des membres de la Commission au sein de l’Autorité, qui constitue l’organe décisionnel le plus important dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence au Kosovo. D’autre part, il présente certaines des défis auxquels l’Autorité ainsi que les tribunaux sont confrontés en ce qui concerne l’application effective des dispositions du droit de la concurrence au Kosovo. En outre, les trois seules affaires décidées par l’Autorité, depuis sa création en 2008, sont brièvement abordées. Enfin, l’article tente de contextualiser le rôle de l’UE dans la promulgation et l’application du droit de la concurrence dans les pays de l’Europe du Sud-Est, avec un accent particulier sur le Kosovo. En l’absence d’une perspective européenne sur ces pays, l’auteur pense que le contexte qui en résulterait du point de vue de la compétitivité changerait radicalement en l’absence d’efforts sérieux de la part des États.

EN

The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to provide an overview of the competition law framework in Kosovo vis-á-vis the establishment of the Kosovo Competition Authority (hereinafter; the Authority), its institutional design as well as the criteria for becoming a member of the Commission within the Authority, which is the most important decision-making body in the field of competition law in Kosovo. On the other hand, it discusses some of the challenges the Authority as well as the courts are facing as regards the effective enforcement of competition law provisions in Kosovo, be it procedural or substantive. In addition, the only three cases decided by the Authority, since its establishment in 2008, are briefly discussed. Last but not least, it tries to contextualise the role of the EU concerning enacting as well as enforcing competition law in some of the South East Europe (hereinafter; SEE) countries, with the main focus placed on Kosovo. Without the European perspective, it is convincing to say that the picture that would result from a competitiveness viewpoint would change dramatically, although the EU’s efforts alone are not sufficient in the absence of serious efforts by the states themselves.

3

Enforcement of Competition Law in Times of Crisis: Is Guided Self-Assessment the Answer?

86%

Wardhaugh B.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2022

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vol. 15

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issue 25

63-86

FR

Une critique courante du régime de concurrence de l’Union européenne est qu’il entrave l’atténuation adéquate des crises en empêchant une réponse collaborative au problème. Nous suggérons que ce point de vue est incorrect. Nous suggérons qu’une réponse collaborative a peu de chances d’atténuer efficacement la plupart des problèmes. Pourtant, certaines formes de coopération peuvent faciliter la résolution d’une crise. Elles peuvent se situer à la limite de la légalité, ce qui crée une incertitude quant à savoir si la pratique proposée sera autorisée. Compte tenu de la possibilité de sanctions importantes en cas d’infraction à la concurrence, la plupart des entreprises ne s’engageront pas dans de telles pratiques de coopération. Il existe d’importants obstacles juridiques et institutionnels à la fourniture de ces orientations. Ces lacunes conduisent à l’incertitude que l’on retrouve dans la nature des règles de concurrence de l’Union européenne et dans la pratique des autorités nationales de la concurrence. Nous soutenons que la voie à suivre est celle d’un engagement et d’une orientation accrus de la part de la Commission et des autorités nationales.

EN

One common criticism of the EU’s competition regime is that it hinders adequate mitigation of crises by preventing a collaborative response to the problem. We suggest that this view is incorrect. We suggest that a collaborative response is unlikely to effectively mitigate most problems. Yet some forms of cooperation can facilitate a crisis solution. These may be at the margin of legality, giving uncertainty as to whether the proposed practice is permitted. With the possibility of significant penalties for competition infringements, most undertakings will not engage in such cooperative practices. There are significant legal and institutional impediments to providing this Guidance. Such gaps lead to uncertainty found in the nature of the EU competition rules and in NCA practice. We argue that the means forward is with greater engagement and guidance by the Commission and NCAs.

4

Labour standards and international trade regulation – a new era of enforcement?

51%

Gomula J., Crawford J. T.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2021

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vol. specjalny II

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issue XXI

79-94

PL

Mimo że ILO istnieje od ponad wieku, nie jest ona wyposażona w mechanizmy międzynarodowe do egzekwowania standardów pracy, które promuje. Globalizacja i liberalizacja handlu uwidoczniły silne powiązanie między prawami dotyczącymi pracy i przepisami dotyczącymi handlu, co doprowadziło do prób uregulowania przepisów odnoszących się do pracy w kontekście handlu, początkowo przez WTO, a ostatnio na mocy klauzul dotyczących pracy w dwustronnych i regionalnych umowach o wolnym handlu (FTA). Niniejszy artykuł stanowi historyczny przegląd tych prób i przedstawia najnowsze opracowania, które odzwierciedlają nową politykę Stanów Zjednoczonych i Unii Europejskiej wykorzystywania swoich umów o wolnym handlu jako mocnego narzędzia do egzekwowania standardów pracy.

EN

Although the ILO has been in existence for over a century, it is not equipped with international mechanisms for enforcement of the labour standards that it promotes. Globalization and trade liberalization have exposed a strong relationship between labour rights and trade regulation, leading to attempts to regulate labour provisions in a trade context, initially through the WTO and, more recently, through labour clauses in bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs). This contribution provides a historical overview of these attempts and presents most recent developments, which reflect a new policy of the United States and the European Union to use their FTAs as a stronger instrument of labour standards enforcement.

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2 Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

1 Review of European and Comparative Law

1 Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

1 Crawford J. T.

1 Gomula J.

1 Mucaj A.

1 Wardhaugh B.

1 Zębek E. M.

1 2022

2 2021

1 2020

Environmental Management of ISO 14001 System Enforcement in EU Countries

Competition Law Framework in Kosovo and the Role of the EU in Promoting Competition Policies in Other Countries and Regions Wishing to Join the Block

Enforcement of Competition Law in Times of Crisis: Is Guided Self-Assessment the Answer?

Labour standards and international trade regulation – a new era of enforcement?