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EN
In this article, I analyse reactions of writers belonging to the “Young Ukraine” to the Euromaidan. In the first part, I define the specific character of the “Young Ukraine”. In the next part, I present the volume Nebesna Sotnya/ Heaven’s Hundred Heroes as a form of resistance against the authorities. In the third part, I focus on the writings of Andriy Lyubka in the context of the pro-EU revolution. Finally, I describe the literary reaction to the end of the Euromaidan (focussing mainly on the writings of Lyubka).
EN
Since Ukraine’s independence, Poland has tried to support its pro-Western aspirations and the political and economic transformation. In the last time, however, we can observe a cooling of mutual relations, resulting primarily from discrepancies in the understanding of historical policy. Nevertheless, the reasons for this phenomenon may also be found in the events in Ukraine that took place in 2013- 2014 and which were later described as the Revolution of Dignity. The main aim of the article is to provide the answer to the question whether and to what extent the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine affected the mutual relations both in the political and social dimensions.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to show the most important dimensions which shaped the German-Ukrainian relations in the years 2013-2014. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the German-Ukrainian relations were strongly determined the German-Russian relations which were being seemed as a crucial cornerstone of the German foreign and security policy toward Eastern Europe in the 1990s and the early 2000s. The first signal for Germany to redefine its approach toward Russian Federation and other former Soviet republics was the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. However, a breaking moment was & nally brought by the 2013 Eastern Partnership Summit in the Lithuanian capital city, Vilnius, where Ukraine unlikely decided to deny the ability to sign the EU association agreement. Afterwards, Ukraine and its nation faced one of the most dramatic moments in the whole Ukrainian history, when President Viktor Yanukovych and his government were removed from their post by protestors and parliament due to street riots in Kiev in February 2014. In March 2014, the Crimean Peninsula was seized by Russian troops and was carried out the referendum in order to join Crimea to Russian Federation. Since the 2013 Eastern Partnership in Vilnius, the German diplomacy has taken steps to intensify bilateral ties with the new government in Kiev in order to interrupt one of the most danger security crisis in Europe since the bloody dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
EN
The problem of thorough and ultimate decommunisation in Ukraine got suddenly valid during Euromaidan on the turn of 2013/2014 and after its termination. It became a component of post–revolutionary reforms in the field of policy of memory. A year after Euromaidan Ukraine’s parliament adopted four “decommunisation laws” on 9 April 2015. One of them concerns the condemnation of the Communist regime and prohibition the propaganda of his symbols. The author analysed contents of the law and focused on the results of decommunisation, which included the cleansing the public space from Soviet–era legacy. Full implementation of the law was planned for the year. During this time the goal was almost fully implemented regarding the renaming of many locations and districts. The communist names of thousands streets, squares, urban districts were changed, although this process was delayed. The process of renaming of many institutions, industrial plants and press titles was very slow.
EN
The paper presents the specifics of the involvement of international actors in theconflict of Ukraine at the turn of 2013–2014. The country was considered attractive primarily due to its geopolitical position and the country being a buffer between the East and the West. The steps taken by the Polish authorities in the settlement of a dispute arising from the growing sense of threat from the Russian Federation are also discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono specyfikę zaangażowania podmiotów międzynarodowych w konflikt na Ukrainie na przełomie 2013–2014 r. Atrakcyjność tego państwa wynikała w zasadniczej mierze z jego położenia geopolitycznego oraz pozycji jako kraju buforowego między Wschodem a Zachodem. Omówiono ponadto działania władz polskich podejmowane w kierunku zażegnania sporu, wynikające z rosnącego poczucia zagrożenia ze strony Federacji Rosyjskiej.
EN
This article examines the issues of identity and values in Euromaidan slogans. Different types of identities and the ways of their expression are highlighted: gender, national, regional, social, European and so on. A spectrum of values is portrayed – the values of love, friendship, mutual help, freedom, and dignity. Various linguistic representations of identities and values are examined by using the methodological tools of discourse-analysis on the data obtained from a field research and publications immediately appearing as a reaction to Maidan events.
PL
W artykule przedmiotem badania uczyniono zagadnienia związane z tożsamością i wartościami obecnymi na sloganach w czasie Euromajdanu. Wyodrębnione zostały różne typy tożsamości, a także sposoby, za pomocą których były one wyrażanie, w tym tożsamość: płciowa, narodowa, regionalna, społeczna, europejska, itd. Zaprezentowano także spektrum wartości ważnych dla uczestników tych wydarzeń, w tym wartości miłości, przyjaźni, wzajemnej pomocy, wolności i godności. Różne, wyrażane za pomocą języka, reprezentacje tych tożsamości i wartości zostały przeanalizowane za pomocą narzędzi badawczych typowych dla jakościowej analizy dyskursu. Za materiał badawczy posłużyły slogany towarzyszące wydarzeniom, jakie miały wówczas miejsce na Majdanie.
EN
The article provides an analysis of the reporting about the Euromaidan actions of the three biggest German weekly magazines. The content analysis based on specific keywords will show, which politicians and events the journalists refer to. As a part of media reporting about the events that took place in Ukraine 2013–2014, the analysis will show an example of the topics German media talk about. It is obvious that well known Ukrainian politicians, such as Vitali Klitschko or Yulia Tymoshenko, are interviewed. Other politicians, such as Arseniy Yatsenyuk or Oleh Tyahnibok, barely appear in the reportings of the three weekly magazines. They are neither interviewed nor shown in detail. They seem to stand in the background of box champion Vitali Klitschko, who is very well known in Germany. The magazines call him “opposition leader” (that is wrong, he was one of the leaders of the opposition) and “the next strong man in Kiev. The reporting is centered on Tymoshenko and Klitschko. Another conclusion that can be made from the analysis is the perspective of the journalists. The conflict in Ukraine is mostly shown in the German-Russian-relationship and just marginally focused on Ukraine itself. Often, the consequences for Germany and the European economy are discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę sprawozdań nt. wydarzeń określanych mianem Euromajdanu, zaczerpniętych z trzech największych niemieckich tygodników. Analiza treści na podstawie określonych słów kluczowych pokazuje, jak niemieccy politycy i dziennikarze wydarzenia te rozumieją i interpretują. Czymś oczywistym jest obecność wywiadów z dobrze znanymi politykami ukraińskimi, takimi jak Witalij Kliczko czy Julia Tymoszenko. Inni politycy jednak, jak Arsenij Jaceniuk lub Ołeh Tiahnybok, ledwie pojawiają się w doniesienia tych tygodników. Brakuje zarówno wywiadów z nimi, jak i szczegółowych informacji na temat ich osób i działalności. Sporo uwagi niemieckich mediów koncentruje na sobie Witalij Kliczko, słynny w Niemczech bokser. Magazyny nazywają go „liderem opozycji” (co nie jest do końca zgodne z prawdą, bo był on tylko jednym z liderów), a także „następnym silnym człowiekiem w Kijowie”. Doniesienia skupiają się na Tymoszenko i Kliczce. Kolejny wniosek, jaki może być wyciągnięty z analizy dotyczy perspektywy dziennikarzy. Konflikt na Ukrainie pokazywany jest głównie na tle relacji niemiecko-rosyjskich i tylko jako marginalnie dotyczący samej Ukrainy. Często omawiane są kwestie istotne dla Niemiec i gospodarki europejskiej.
EN
The author analyzes the Polish political elite’s reactions to the events in Ukraine at the end of 2013 and in 2014. The aim of the analysis is to study the behavior of state authorities, as well as parliamentary groups toward the Euromaidan and the Ukrainian crisis, and also an attempt to answer the question about the role of Poland in the above context on the international arena. Particular sections of the article explore the activity of state authorities, including the president, prime minister, and the head of Polish diplomacy, indicating the successes and failures of their actions. The author draws attention to the attitude of political parties to the socio-political situation in Ukraine. The author concludes that the current Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Russian relations, as well as the recurring question of the Polish security policy on the European arena pose a challenge to the Polish political elite.
EN
Ukraine is the best example of "nationalizing" nationalism. During its twenty-five year old existence the language question – in addition to historical approach and ethnical identity – has belonged to the unclosed questions of personal and group identity, and represents one of the central themes of political struggle. Official Ukrainian language policy perma- nently wants to promote the use of Ukrainian or Russian by overshadowing one or the oth- er. Measures regulating language use have never been consequently applied, which fact in itself is enough to represent a permanent subject for political campaigns. Political powers unable to solve actual economic and social problems wanted to distract attention by this means. That is why the politicized language question could contribute to the political crisis and the outbreak of the armed conflict at the end of 2013 and at the beginning of 2014 in a politically unstable country facing economic breakdown. The present paper examines the role of the language question in the Ukrainian crisis in the period of 2014–2016.
EN
The objective of this article is to show the characteristics of volunteering in Ukraine after the Euromaidan. The article presents its specifics and the socio-political conditions which allowed to define voluntary work in Ukrainian legislature. It also discusses the main forms of social engagement in volunteering, inaugurated at the onset of the anti-terrorist operation in the eastern part of the country. The level of public trust towards voluntary organisations has also been examined in the article. Voluntary work has also been analysed from the perspective of social research conducted in Ukraine since 2014. In the conclusions of this text it is claimed that development of social self-organisation is one of the results of Euromaidan. Voluntary work after Euromaidan has become a form of self-organisation and self-mobilisation of the society, preventing a collapse of the Ukrainian state as a result of the political crisis and armed conflict in Donbass. 
XX
The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the reception of events in Ukraine on the Internet. The scope of the concerned issues will be limited to a picture of the situation drawn by the internauts using Twitter, and, in particular, the Polish Internet users. The fundamental issue, which will be taken into consideration is the overall image of Euromaidan and the ratio of Polish Internet users to the protest on Polish Twitter. The authors decided to investigate the activity of Polish Internet users on Twitter, analyzing the contents marked with the hashtag (#) Euromaidan in the 3 months period beginning from November 2013.
EN
Since condemnation of operation Vistula by the Senate, we have conducted a „strategic partnership” policy towards Ukraine, expecting at most symbols, not calling for the memory of thousands of victims murdered in Volyn and Cherven Cities. Driven mainly by Russophobia, we supported the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan. On the latter, our politicians didn’t hesitate to join banderite shouts in front of portraits of Bandera and Shukhevych. We should not be surprised then that two hours after the address of the President of Poland Bronislaw Komorowski, The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted without discussion four Acts, which aim were: the recognition of the OUN and the UPA as fighters for Samostijna Ukraine, erasing from the collective memory shared 70-year history of the Ukrainian nation and increase of divisions in Ukrainian society. In Poland, the Acts have been passed over by the mass media (except for ”Przegląd” and “Nie”). Neither the issue have been raised by the Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz in talks with the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Volodymyr Groysman, nor by the Interior Minister Grezgorz Schetyna during his parliamentary speech on Polish foreign policy and it is even quite carefully sidestepped in the presidential campaign by all parties. Answering the question posed by “Przegląd” – “How Poland should react to the decisions of the authorities of Ukraine regarding members of the OUN and the UPA?” – advisor to the President of Poland, Professor Tomasz Nałęcz, stated, among others, “Let us remember that Ukraine is our neighbour and friend, therefore we should talk to it. I do not think the best way of conversation with a friend is to send a note of protest”. In 2010, we had the courage to raise the question of granting a title of Hero of Ukraine to Bandera and Shukhevych by W. Yushchenko and to persuade the European Parliament to express deep indignation (initiator: Paweł Zalewski from PO) and withdraw this Act. Now, all indications are that we lack this courage. It is very difficult to speak now about the future of Ukraine and Polish – Ukrainian relations. There are only very few groups, which speak now about the need to change of our eastern policy. The borderland communities haven’t obtained in our country organizations which would have an impact on foreign or even economic policy. It can therefore be assumed that regardless of who wins the presidential and parliamentary elections, Poland will continue to pursue a realistic and pragmatic policy, although resulting from Russophobia of Polish political elites and conducted by them historical policy. Previous actions of the Ukrainian authorities suggest that there may occur a scenario known to us from the period after the Orange Revolution. The current Ukrainian authorities do not seek to unite his people for a common goal, but they increase divisions in society. Ukrainian nation needs an agreement and consensus, not creation of new barriers. Polish experience shows that the actual legal, economic and political transformation needs a national consensus rather than replacing it with settlements with the past and nationalism. It seems that Poland irretrievably lost its positions of expert on East. As correctly pointed out Professor Andrzej Walicki “the prestige of Poland as a supposed export on Russia ceased to exist, because our position in Russian affairs is predictable and does not help to solve real problems”. Poland should act in order to end the conflict in Ukraine, at the same time attempting to understand both sides of the conflict. Different economic and geopolitic interests causes that the positions of various countries on the events in Ukraine are and will remain diverse. Louis Stomma wrote that “the sudden and incredible love of Poles for modern Ukraine is a sad love without reciprocity”. In the interest of Poland is striving for consensus and sensible mediation rather than setting up as a front-line state. A compromise is always possible, but if interest is not mixed with morals and national resentments. Preventing from compromise would reflect on the fate of the whole region and Ukraine would be harmed the most.
EN
The spreading violence beyond Euromaidan space in Kyiv have become one of the main issues of Ukrainian society in winter 2013–2014. For Euromaidan supporters their relatively safe space of every-day interaction came under pressure of discourse which divided the whole world into “friends and enemies”. The naturalisation of collective identities of Euromaidan supporters and their opponents served the purpose of symbolic struggle and provided the simplified social worldview. The last one is, on the one hand, a useful tool of social mobilisation but, on the other hand, this kind of worldview (simplified, “Black and white”) provokes violence. The topic of this article is a denaturalisation as an opposite strategy which creates the complicated worldview. The research issues of this article are the following: does denaturalisation exist within pro-Euromaidan discourse; in what kind of discursive strategies and modes does it appear? Online social networks, Facebook in particular, were chosen as a field of study. The research method is traditional analysis of text. The implication of this research is revealing of internal dynamic of pro-Euromaidan discourse.
PL
Przemoc rozprzestrzeniająca się poza kijowski Majdan Niezależności stała się głównym problemem dotykającym ukraińskie społeczeństwo zimą na przełomie 2013 i 2014 roku. Dla zwolenników wydarzeń rozgrywających się wówczas na Majdanie, ich względnie bezpieczna przestrzeń codziennych interakcji znalazła się pod presją dyskursu, który dzielił świat na „przyjaciół i wrogów”. Naturalizacja tożsamości zbiorowych, zarówno zwolenników Euromajdanu, jak też i ich przeciwników, była przejawem przemocy symbolicznej i dostarczała nieskomplikowanej wizji świata. Z jednej strony bowiem, ten uproszczony ogląd rzeczywistości stał się użytecznym narzędziem do mobilizacji społecznej. Z drugiej jednak, podtrzymując czarno-białą wizję świata, prowokował do przemocy. Przedmiotem refleksji autorki stała się zatem denaturalizacja, rozumiana jako strategia pozostająca w kontradykcji do tych procesów, umożliwiająca bardziej skomplikowany ogląd rzeczywistości. Punktem wyjścia dla tych rozważań okazały się dwa następujące pytania: „czy denaturalizacja istnieje w ramach dyskursu typowego dla Euromajdanu?”, „za pomocą jakich strategii dyskursywnych się przejawia?”. Badaniem objęte zostały sieci społecznościowe, zwłaszcza zaś Facebook. Sama analiza przyjęła zaś postać tradycyjnej analizy tekstu. Na skutek zastosowania odpowiedniej procedury badawczej autorce udało się zrekonstruować wewnętrzną dynamikę rządzącą dyskursem Euromajdanu.
EN
The article is delivered in Ukrainian at the conference of the European Association of Science on Security and International Socio-State Programme of UNESCO "ADULT EDUCATION OF UKRAINE" September 14, 2014, in the press center of the Ukrainian News Agency "Capital" in Kiev (Ukraine). This sketch does not aspire to any attempts to analyze international relations in Europe. It is only an attempt to assess the present situation from the perspective of the experience of the European association of science safety, whose members include representatives from 23 countries of Europe, including Poles, Russians and Ukrainians.
EN
Reinventing Ukraine: Ukrainian National and Supra-National Identity in Contemporary Polish Opinion-Making PressUkraine in XXI century has been experiencing new social and political changes which resulted into shifts of the national identity. It has left resonance not only within Ukrainian society but abroad as well. Historical events such as Orange revolution or Euromaidan provided new directions for reconsidering Ukrainian identity by the external actors. The image of Ukraine has been created abroad with the help of mass media, which enable the wide audience to receive information about particular events and make own conclusions. Information, presented in the opinion-making press worth better for deliberating the issue of identity. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate how Polish intellectuals present Ukraine in contemporary Polish opinion-making press. This research on the one hand provides understanding of Ukrainian identity problems, and gives possibility to examine positive and negative aspects of the way identity has been expressed. On the other hand, it demonstrates the way public opinion-makers in Poland perceive, construct and reconstruct identity of Ukraine, Ukrainian nation and present them to their society. The article seeks to investigate what attributes of Ukrainian identity were crucial for Polish media. What factors, historical events, cultural and political features, myth and symbols were important for deliberating Ukraine in Polish opinion-making press. Ponowne odkrycie Ukrainy: Ukraińska narodowa i ponadnarodowa tożsamość we współczesnej polskiej prasie opiniotwórczejW XXI wieku Ukraina przeżywa nowe zmiany społeczne i polityczne, które prowadzą do zmian tożsamości narodowej. To spowodowało rezonans nie tylko w społeczeństwie ukraińskim, ale również za granicą. Najnowsze wydarzenia historyczne, takie jak Pomarańczowa Rewolucja czy Euromajdan, na nowo ożywiły wśród podmiotów zewnętrznych dyskusję o ukraińskiej tożsamości. Zewnętrzny wizerunek Ukrainy kształtują środki masowego przekazu, które dostarczają szerokiej publiczności informacji o wydarzeniach historycznych. Informacje prezentowane w prasie opiniotwórczej są istotnym źródłem dla rozważań nad kwestiami tożsamości w ogóle. Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie, jak polscy intelektualiści przedstawiają Ukrainę we współczesnej polskiej prasie. Badanie umożliwi zrozumienie problemów ukraińskiej tożsamości, będzie także prezentacją pozytywnych i negatywnych jej aspektów. Zarazem jednak unaoczni, w jaki sposób polskie środowiska opiniotwórcze postrzegają, konstruują i rekonstruują tożsamość Ukrainy i narodu ukraińskiego i jak przedstawiają te kwestie społeczeństwu. Staram się jednocześnie wyjaśnić, jakie atrybuty ukraińskiej tożsamości – wydarzenia historyczne, cechy kulturowe i polityczne, mity i symbole – były istotne dla rozważań nad Ukrainą w polskiej prasie opiniotwórczej.
Porównania
|
2019
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
31-43
EN
Mikhail Minakov, TRANSFORMATION OF THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY. THE IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE UKRAINIAN INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL MEMORY IN2014-2017. “PORÓWNANIA” 1 (24), 2019. Vol. XXIV, P. 31-43. ISSN 1733-165X. The post-Euromaidan’s Ukraine has developed in a contradictory way: together with democratization and Europeanization, there was also a spread of conservative ideologies and limitation of civic freedoms. The latter tendencies were connected with the attempts at establishing ideological monopoly- a system of ideological control that existed in USSR and disappeared in the decommunization processes of 1989-91-in the interests of nowadays’ ruling groups. One of those institutions adding to the possibility of revival of the ideological monopoly is the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. In this paper, the author argues that after several reforms between 2006 and 2018, theInstitute evolved into a state body providing conservative cultural policies and illiberal identity policies undermining Ukraine’s civic democratic consolidation. Based on the analysis of the Institute’s political role and achievements so far, the author concludes that the current cultural policies and organizational practices of the Institute (and similar organizations) have created a new post-Soviet ideological toolkit enabling power elites to effectively establish conservative ideological monopoly in Ukraine.
DE
Mikhail Minakov, DIE UMGESTALTUNG DES KOLLEKTIVEN GEDÄCHNISSES. DIE IDEOLOGISCHE FUNKTION DES UKRAINISCHEN INSTITUTS FÜR NATIONALES GEDÄCHNIS IN 2014-2017. „PORÓWNANIA” 1 (24), 2019. T. XXIV, S. 31-43. ISSN 1733-165X. Nach dem Euromaidan entwickelte sich die Ukraine widersprüchlich. Neben der Demokratisierung und Europäisierung verbreiteten sich auch konservative Ideologien und Einschränkungen der bürgerlichen Freiheiten. Diese letzteren Tendenzen waren mit dem Versuch verbunden, ein ideologisches Monopol (ein System der ideologischen Kontrolle, das in der UdSSR existierte und in den Dekommunisierungsprozessen von 1989-91) im Interesse der heutigen herrschenden Gruppen zu etablieren. Eine der Institutionen, die die Möglichkeit der Wiederbelebung des ideologischen Monopols ergänzen, ist das Ukrainische Institut für Nationales Gedächtnis. In diesem Text argumentiert der Autor, dass sich das Institut nach mehreren Reformen zwischen 2006 und 2018 zu einer staatlichen Einrichtung entwickelt hat, die konservative Kulturpolitik und eine Politik der illiberalen Identität betreibt, die die staatsbürgerliche demokratische Konsolidierung der Ukraine untergräbt. Anhand der Analyse der politischen Rolle und der bisherigen Erfolge des Instituts gelangt der Autor zu dem Schluss, dass die derzeitige Kulturpolitik und die Organisationspraktiken des Instituts ein neues postsowjetisches ideologisches Instrumentarium geschaffen haben, mit dem Machteliten effektiv ein konservatives ideologisches Monopol in der Ukraine aufbauen können.
EN
The article presents the impact of the process of securitization of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) on the changes in Ukrainian law on religion since the Revolution of Dignity (Euromaidan). Securitization as a concept originated in security sciences belongs to constructivist approaches because under these approaches the threat is not a real phenomenon. The threat is subjectively indicated by the actor of the process and recognized as such by its recipients. Although this study is not concerned with the securitization process itself, it emphasizes the circumstances surrounding its consequences for law on religion. Among these circumstances is the war in Donbas and granting autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The article discusses the normative acts adopted after 2013, which oblige the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to include its subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church in its name, making it easier for parish communities to change their jurisdictional subordination and hindering the functioning of military pastoral care in the Armed Forces and other military formations.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ procesu sekurytyzacji Ukraińskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego w jedności z Patriarchatem Moskiewskim na zmiany w ustawodawstwie wyznaniowym Ukrainy od rewolucji godności (Euromajdanu). Wyodrębniana na gruncie nauk o bezpieczeństwie sekurytyzacja należy do podejść konstruktywistycznych, ponieważ zgodnie z tym ujęciem zagrożenie nie jest zjawiskiem realnym. Zagrożenie jest subiektywnie wskazywane przez aktora procesu oraz za takie uznawane przez jego odbiorców. Na gruncie pracy sam proces sekurytyzacji nie jest przedmiotem zainteresowania. Podkreślono okoliczności towarzyszące jego skutkom w zakresie regulacji wyznaniowych, wśród których zidentyfikowano wojnę w Donbasie i przyznanie autokefalii Kościołowi Prawosławnemu Ukrainy przez Patriarchat Ekumeniczny. Omówione zostały akty normatywne przyjęte po 2013 r., zobowiązujące Ukraiński Kościół Prawosławny do uwzględnienia w swojej nazwie podporządkowania Rosyjskiemu Kościołowi Prawosławnemu, ułatwiające wspólnotom parafialnym zmianę podporządkowania jurysdykcyjnego, a także utrudniające funkcjonowanie duszpasterstwa wojskowego w Siłach Zbrojnych i innych formacjach wojskowych.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie roli organizacji założonych przez opozycję parlamentarną na Euromajdanie. Opozycja polityczna podczas Euromajdanu utworzyła Sztab Sprzeciwu Narodowego oraz Zjednoczenie Ogólnoukraińskie „Majdan”. W perspektywie długofalowej miały one stać się narzędziem opozycji w nadchodzących wyborach prezydenckich. Z kolei w perspektywie krótkofalowej miały koordynować działania protestujących podczas Euromajdanu w całej Ukrainie. Dla osiągnięcia celu badawczego zostały zastosowane następujące metody: historyczna, systemowa, studium przypadku.
EN
The aim of this article is to define the role of the organisations established by the parliamentary opposition during the Euromaidan. The political opposition created the National Resistance Headquarters and the All-Ukrainian Union “Maidan” at that time. In the long term, they were supposed to become a tool for the opposition in the upcoming presidential elections. In the short term, in turn, they were to coordinate the actions of protesters during the Euromaidan throughout Ukraine. In order to achieve the research objective, the historical, systemic, and case study methods were used.
PL
Celem artykułu było ustalenie głównego zadania, jakie zamierzali zrealizować liderzy opozycji parlamentarnej uczestniczący w negocjacjach z władzą podczas Euromajdanu. Podczas przeprowadzenia badania zostały zastosowane następujące metody: historyczna, analiza danych zastanych, case study. W podsumowaniu udało się ustalić, że głównym zadaniem, które stawiała przed sobą opozycja parlamentarna w negocjacjach z władzą, było przywrócenie redakcji Konstytucji z 2004 r., która ograniczała kompetencje prezydenta wobec władzy wykonawczej i zwiększała w tym zakresie uprawnienia parlamentu.
EN
The objective of this article is to establish the main goal the leaders of the parliamentary opposition wanted to achieve in the negotiations with the government during the Euromaidan. In this study, the following methods were applied: the historical method, data analysis, and case study. In the conclusion, it is noted that the main task of the parliamentary opposition in the negotiations with the government was to restore the Constitution of 2004, which limited the presidential competences in executive power and extended
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