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1

RURAL WOMEN IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN POLAND

100%
Gutkowska K.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 1(122)
80-99
EN
Rural women in Poland are characterised by specific features which, in a large measure, are the result of multifunctional roles that they play in their families, households and farms. These specific features are also attributable to the special character of village communities, whose significance diminished due to industrialisation and urbanisation processes but which has been recently assuming a new dimension in the changed social and economic conditions in Poland. The multifunctionality of roles fulfilled by rural women has its source in many-sided ties linking them in a different degree to work on a farm. Rural woman perform duties of vocational character, render services to their families, are socially active outside their households and ever more frequently engage in ventures that allow them to earn additional money (for example, they offer accommodation to and cook for holidaymakers, render services to other farms and independently carry out various economic activities). Housework done by rural women covers a wide range of duties - from cooking, storage and processing of food, washing, cleaning, choosing and arranging furniture and equipment at their homes and keeping them tidy - to raising children, making decisions concerning the functioning and organisation of households. The period of economic transformation in Poland has led to modifications both in the roles fulfilled by rural women and in their mutual relations, which sometimes showed disharmony caused by restrictions preventing them from fulfilling individual functions and tasks in a satisfying way.
2

POLISH PEASANTS IN 1914

100%
Molenda J.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2004
|
issue 3
113-131
EN
The article focuses on the most essential questions from the life of the rural community during the first months of the WW I: mobilisation into the armies of the partitioners, wartime devastation, services, and requisition, and peasant efforts to counteract those negative effects. Peasants were the largest group among the 3 376 000 Poles summoned for active duty in 1914-1918. They also comprised a sizable percentage among the millions migrating within Polish lands and abroad during the early weeks of the hostilities. During the first year of the war the greatest direct losses in the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia, totalling 9,984 billions of Swiss franks in gold, were suffered by the peasant farms. The war operations affected almost 90% of the future territory of the Second Republic (after 1923). The armies of the partitioners resorted to a mass-scale requisition of grain, cattle, swine, and poultry for consumption as well as horses for the cavalry and transport and supply columns. Their value was estimated at hundreds of millions of rubles, marks and crowns.The wives of the summoned men replaced them, usually successfully, in managing the farms and became involved in the public life of the village. This situation contributed to the growing position of the women and children in the peasant family and community. The peasants took part in the registration of the damage and requisitions, which later served as a basis for compensation which together with assorted wartime subsidies and a free-market sale of food were used, i. a. for improving the conditions of the farms.Thus, the peasant farms survived wartime conditions much better than the large landed estates, which reinforced the social and political position of the peasants in the life of the village and the country as a whole.
3
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Mobilne pokolenie wyboru? Migracje międzynarodowe a płeć i role rodzinne wśród Milenialsek

63%
Pustułka P., Winogrodzka D., Buler M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
|
2019
|
vol. 45
|
issue 4 (174)
139–164
PL
Chociaż migracje Polek cieszyły się dużym zainteresowaniem naukowym, szczyt rozwoju badań genderowych dotyczących wyjazdów zagranicznych objął przede wszystkim doświadczenia kobiet migrujących w latach 80. i 90. XX w., aż do pierwszego pięciolecia poakcesyjnego (2004–2009). Soczewka pokoleniowa oznacza, że badanymi były przede wszystkim migrujące Polki z pokoleń baby-boomers i X. Dekadę później migracje kształtują biografie Milenialsek, jednak wyróżniające je doświadczenia mobilności nie są szczegółowo eksplorowane poza kontekstem rynku pracy. Opierając się na materiale empirycznym z projektu „Paczki przyjaciół i migracje” (2016–2020), w artykule analizujemy wzory migracyjne wykształconych Polek z pokolenia Y. Pokazujemy decyzje mobilnościowe Milenialsek oraz śledzimy relacje między płcią a rolami społecznymi w życiu osobistym i rodzinnym młodych kobiet. Wskazujemy na nowe wzory migracji „mobilnego pokolenia wyboru”, a także stwierdzamy, że o ile pewne relacje i role rodzinne Milenialsek uległy transformacji, o tyle sprzężenie mobilności z macierzyństwem zdaje się mniej podatne na międzypokoleniową zmianę.
EN
While many studies have focused on the international migration of Polish women, the main wave of gendered research has covered the experiences of women who went abroad during the 1980s and 1990s, up until about five years after EU accession (2009). As such, from a generational stance, existing studies have investigated the mobility paths of Baby-Boomers and Generation X. Today migration shapes the biographies of Polish women from Generation Y (i.e. Millennials) who have traits that potentially differentiate them from mobile women in the past and in areas beyond the labor market. Drawing on empirical material from “Peer-groups and Migration” study (2016–2020), we analyze international mobility pathways and migratory decision-making processes of educated women from Gen Y and investigate how mobility intersects with gender and social roles in family/ personal life for Millennials. We argue that the „mobile generation of choice” engages in new forms of migration. Although certain family roles have changed among migrant-Millennials, the motherhood/mobility junction remains less prone to generational shifts.
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