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EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question whether, in the Polish law theory and practice, the limits of the freedom of expression of the press are precisely defined and what is the predictability of the mechanisms to execute responsibility for transgression of these limits. Freedom of expression is subjected to the limits of admissible interference in the sphere of rights and freedoms in accordance with the requirements contained in Article 31(3) of the Constitution and Article 10(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Any limitations upon the exercise of freedom of the press may to be 'imposed only by statute' and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of freedoms referred to in the above-mentioned acts. These considerations seem to suggest that the limits of freedom of the press should be established in a defined and unquestionable way. Nevertheless, no such conclusion can be drawn from the decisions of Polish courts on two cases of collision between values protected by the Constitution and by the Convention, i.e. protection of freedom of the press and protection of honour and privacy. Some doubts in this area result from the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal. Particularly controversial is the transgression of the limits of expression and violation of virtue and other personal rights by stating the untruth. The article addresses some questions - absent in the above-mentioned judgments - which makes the issue of veracity of public expression even more ambiguous. The systemic interpretation and analysis of the practice of Polish courts enables us to conclude that making the illegality of an expression dependent on its veracity is both unfounded and infeasible.
EN
The study analyses the socio-political discourse about freedom of the press in the Kingdom of Hungary in the context of the 1790-1791 parliament and the work of the commission for public and political affairs on the preparation of legislation on freedom of the press in the period 1791–1794. Against the background of Hungarian constitutionalism, it notices the opposition and argumentation of Hungarian county authorities concerning decrees on the closure of private printing presses. It analyses further philosophical, religious and political considerations, in order to point out their context in the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, the concept of the social contract, the French revolution and its liberal ideas. It shows how the concept of the nation and the development of its culture as an expression of Hungarian nationalism were brought into these considerations, and that the intensive debate on freedom of the press and expression had no impact on the growing pressure of censorship as an expression of a weakened political power.
EN
The man as a social being functioning simultaneously in different communities. One of them consists of churches and religious associations that have the right to establish and hold their own the mass media. Through them, they may pursue their mission and participate in public life, influencing the life of the faithful and the entire state. Due to the number of people declared Catholics, the Catholic mass media have the greatest impact. The possibility of the establishment and ownership of the mass media by a duly organized various social groups is a manifestation of pluralism and guarantee of democracy. Democratic system, based on the respect for human rights and liberties in its individual and collective dimension, presupposes freedom of expression and freedom of the press, allowing each person the freedom to express their opinions, to acquire and disseminate information on every topic. Their viewers and listeners may not agree with them, but their existence testifies to the freedom of expression and freedom of the press, without which there can be no question of the existence and development of a fully democratic state and civil society.
PL
Człowiek jako istota społeczna funkcjonuje jednocześnie w różnych wspólnotach. Jedną z nich są kościoły i związki wyznaniowe, które mają prawo do zakładania i posiadania własnych środków masowego przekazu. Za ich pośrednictwem realizują swoją misję oraz uczestniczą w życiu publicznym, wpływając na kształt życia swoich wiernych i całego państwa. Z uwagi na liczbę osób deklarujących się jako katolicy, największą siłę oddziaływania posiadają katolickie środki masowego przekazu. Możliwość zakładania i posiadania środków masowego przekazu przez różne grupy społeczne odpowiednio zorganizowane stanowi przejaw pluralizmu i gwarancję demokracji. System demokratyczny, oparty na poszanowaniu wolności i praw człowieka w wymiarze jednostkowym i zbiorowym, zakłada bowiem swobodę wypowiedzi i wolność prasy, umożliwiając każdemu wolność wyrażania swoich poglądów oraz pozyskiwania i rozpowszechniania informacji na każdy temat. Ich odbiorcy mogą się z nimi nie zgadzać, ale ich istnienie świadczy o swobodzie wypowiedzi i wolności prasy, bez której nie może być mowy o istnieniu i rozwijaniu się w pełni demokratycznego państwa i obywatelskiego społeczeństwa.
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