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1

Bronislaw Malinowski's Functional Method

100%
Obrebski J.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2004
|
issue 2(173)
35-64
EN
Józef Obrebski's article entitled 'Bronislaw Malinowski's Functional Method of Analysis' preserved in his archives in manuscript form. was edited by Anna Engelking. This elaborate work concerning the method of analysis of Obrebski's professor and mentor presents Malinowski's functionalism in the context of both his own scholarly biography as well contemporary anthropology. The article is accompanied by discussion by Kotarbinski and Ossowski, and the author's own response to it. The remaining archival texts by Obrebski are included in the Annex. These are fragments of two lost or unfinished larger works regarding Malinowski from the late 1930's. The first edition of these yet unknown archival works and the evidence of the first studies of Malinowski's legacy becomes an interesting contribution to the history of Polish ethnology and sociology.
2

CZECHOSLOVAK STUDENTS OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE BAUHAUS

80%
Svobodova M.
Umění (Art)
|
2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 5
406-432
EN
The text 'Czechoslovak Students of Architecture at the Bauhaus' is part of a longer work treating students from Czechoslovakia, of Czech, Slovak, German and Jewish-German nationality, who attended this modernist art school. The study tries to fill in the gaps in the history of architecture - the names, dates, designs and buildings of the Czechoslovak students. It therefore does not consider philosophical aspects, the extensive commentary on this school in the Czechoslovak press, or the influences of the Bauhaus on Czech culture generally. The study is based on extensive research in archives in the Czech Republic and abroad, for example: Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau, Bauhaus Archiv Berlin, the Archive of Andrej Sacharov in Moscow, the National Archive of the Czech Republic, the Prague Municipal Archive, the Archive of the Academy of Fine Arts, the Brno Municipal Archive, the Architecture Archive of the National Technical Museum, the Collection of Architecture and Town Planning of the Brno Municipal Museum, etc. The text addresses the multicultural milieu of the interwar Czechoslovak Republic. It adds the names of other students, men and women, to the list of seven students mentioned in earlier literature on the subject. In the broader context, study at this school does not seem as unusual as had previously been assumed. The Czechoslovak students who studied there came from various cultural and social backgrounds. Often, they wanted to supplement a traditional university education. The Bauhaus offered them new, modern pedagogical methods and opportunities to test their skill in practice. The school attracted most students when Hannes Meyer was head. This is as one would expect, given the left-wing orientation of society in the First Republic and the intensive personal contacts with the Czechoslovak avant-garde, in particular Karel Teige, Jaromir Krejcar, and so on. The reason why the students trained at the Bauhaus did not erect more buildings has nothing to do with an inability to adapt or make a name for themselves. (Upon returning, most of them worked in established architectural offices or building firms.) The financial crises of the 1930s were really to blame. Despite this difficult situation, the radically pragmatic, functionalist designs and buildings by Antonin Urban, Josef Hausenblas, Zdenek Rossmann, Václav Zralý and Josef Pohl were far superior to the average work produced at that time. The text also treats the activities of architects/Bauhaus graduates of other nationality on the territory of Czechoslovakia.
3

THE DIOGENES FAMILY. THE COLLECTIVISATION OF ACCOMMODATION IN BOHEMIA 1905-1948

80%
Guzik H.
Umění (Art)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 2
162-176
EN
At the very beginning of the 20th century the collectivisation of domestic work was a focus of interest for activists in the Czech liberal women's organisations. In the 1920s and 30s, interest in the subject gave rise to several architectural designs and buildings. When the Czech avant-garde formulated its programme of collective accommodation around 1930, its attitude towards this tradition was a distinctive mixture of paternalism and ignorance. Nonetheless, the open approach of liberal feminism to collectivisation explains why the views of the Czech architectural left were so radical, as far as concerned the organisation of accommodation and the definition of the role of the family in modern society. Both camps were reconciled to some extent in 1945-1948. At that time, it was the feminist tradition, in addition to the experience of functionalist architects, which had a direct influence on the implementation of the Czech collective dream: the Prague Solidarity housing estate and the koldums in Litvinov and Zlin.
4

Obrebski on Malinowski. The Reception of Functionalism in Poland

80%
Engelking A.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2004
|
issue 2(173)
17-34
EN
The following article is an extended commentary to Jozef Obrebski's writings regarding Bronislaw Malinowski's anthropology. Obrebski's archival text is included in this volume. The author starts with presenting Obrebski's (1905-1967) scholarly biography. He was a student and a doctoral candidate of Malinowski who became ardently devoted to popularizing Malinowski's theories by virtue of further studies and translations. Most of Obrebski's archival legacy can be found at the University of Massachussetts at Amherst, USA. The second part of the article deals with the history of relations between the two scholars, which the author managed to trace through a meticulous search of various source materials and archives. In the third part of the article the author sums up the results of her findings. By juxtaposing Obrebski's newly found Malinowskiana with his published works related to Malinowski, of which there are very few and often and only fragmentary, we find important testimony to the initial reception of functionalism in Poland.
5
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COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (Obliczeniowe teorie swiadomosci)

80%
Milkowski M.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2010
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issue 11
133-154
EN
In this paper, I review the motivations for having a computational theory of consciousness to see if they turn out to be no longer plausible in the light of recent criticisms. These criticisms focus on the alleged inability of computational theories to deal with qualia, or qualities of experience (or objects of experience in some accounts), and with so-called symbol grounding. Yet it seems that computationalism remains the best game in town when one wants to explain and predict the dynamics of information processing of cognitive systems. Conscious information processing does not seem to be explainable better within any other framework; computationalism regarding consciousness can only be discarded by supposing that consciousness is epiphenomenal in information processing. I will argue that recent theories of consciousness that are to deal with the so called hard problem of consciousness remain in their core computational if they do not subscribe to epiphenomenalism. For example, the quantum theory as proposed by Stuart Hameroff remains openly computational; the same goes for pan(proto) psychist speculation of David Chalmers. The qualitative character of information processing that Chalmers takes to explain the existence of subjective experience piggy-backs, so to say, on the very fact that there is information processing that is best explained in a computationalist framework. I also briefly show that other alternative accounts of consciousness (such as direct theories of consciousness) that were supposed to oppose computational and functionalist conceptions are not only compatible with them but require them to begin with. In short, to discard credentials of computationalism in consciousness research one would have to show that it's possible to explain conscious information-processing mechanisms sufficiently in a non-computational way. And this has not been done by any of the critics of computational accounts. This all doesn't suggest, though, that computational explanation is sufficient for building a complete theory of consciousness; it seems however to be necessary.
6

RIGID MODERNITY', KAREL HONZIK'S THEORY OF FUNCTIONALISM FROM 1930 TO 1950. SOURCES AND PARALLELS

80%
Dvorakova D.
Umění (Art)
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 2
142-155
EN
In architectural theory, the period 1930-1950 confronted the concept of functionalism with new themes of the symbolic-representative role of architecture and an aesthetic style that catered more to the psychological needs of consumers than did formal, abstract, early functionalist architecture. The form of modern architecture was further modified by attempts to develop the regional building traditions and the existing architectural context, and by the contradictory trends that appeared in connection with the international development of the rationalisation of construction and building production. The article analyses these themes and their sources of inspiration in the texts of the Czech architect and theorist Karel Honzik (1900-1966). In the early 1930s, Honzik came to see the limits of the early theory of functionalism. Using examples from biology, he demonstrated that the basic functionalist tenet that form proceeded from the function of a building was invalid. Under the influence of surrealism, he expanded his critique of utilitarianism and the pseudo-scientific instrumental approach to architecture. After 1935, he was strongly influenced by the aesthetics and art theory of the period, in particular the aesthetic structuralism of Jan Mukarovský. In a key text from the end of the 1930s, entitled 'Fyzioplastika' (Physio-plastics), he set about analysing the causes of the growing contemporary interest in the representative qualities of architecture, with reference to local and international debates. In his insistence on the functionalist requirement of the autonomy of architecture, untainted by symbolic function, however, he showed a lack of understanding for the contemporary search for a modern monumental style. From the beginning of the 1940s, he focused intensively on the legacy of the regional architectural tradition, suppressed by the programmatic internationalism of modernism. It seems that he was reacting not only to the nationalist reactionary wave characteristic of Germany, but also to the interpretation of the Mediterranean vernacular that appeared in the work of the architect Le Corbusier. With the architect Ladislav Zák, he tried to establish the key features that would give a unified visual impact to the Czech village in the landscape. He later became acquainted with the 'folk' style of the Scandinavian architectural movement known as '‘new empiricism'. During the 1940s he unwittingly drew closer, in his theory only, to the concept of organic architecture advocated by the art historian Sigfried Giedion and elaborated by the Italian architect Bruno Zevi. In connection with the publication of 'Tvorba zivotniho slohu' (The creation of a lifestyle), another contemporary theme became prominent in Honzik's theory: the application of scientific-technological innovation in the rationalisation of building production. In this area, Honzik paid particular attention to the views of the members of the PAS group and Ladislav Zák. After 1948, Honzik did not at first accept the line of socialist realism. He gave in, however, after the failure of his attempt to establish late aestheticised functionalism as the official style of the socialist state. He did not return to the theory of modern architecture until the late 1950s. The article concludes that Honzik's theoretical analyses, in many respects too abstract and often verging on academic, were not consistently grounded in his own architectural work.
7

SURREALISM AND CZECH FUNCTIONALISM

80%
Svacha R.
Umění (Art)
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 4
316-328
EN
To date, many art historians have devoted themselves to the study of the history of Surrealism and Functionalism. Still, we do not know very much of the actual interrelationship between both -isms. A group of scientific Functionalists formed itself around Karel Teige in Czech architecture in the early 1930s. These were mostly orthodox rationalists who denied that architecture could have any artistic status and who also ignored the psychological impact of architectural form. Under Teige's leadership they pointed a critical finger at Le Corbusier. But as Teige began to get closer to Surrealism, he could hardly ignore Breton's onslaughts against agitated rationalism in modern architecture, particularly so when Breton had repeated such attacks in Prague in 1935. Teige was also impressed by Breton's call to overcome the contradictions existing between reality and dream, science and art, between rationality and emotivity. Even though the Prague theoretician had not abandoned his ideal of science-based architecture, he did admit that Functionalism would be still more scientific if, using psychoanalysis, it would explore the impact of its architectural form on the human soul. Theses and hypotheses of this kind appeared in Teige's 'Sovetska arkhitektura' (Soviet Architecture, 1936), in a preface to the book by Ladislav Zak 'Obytna krajina' (Inhabited Landscape, 1947), and may also be found in the texts written by architects Karel Janu, Jiri Stursa, Jiri Vozenilek, Jiri Kroha, eventually Vit Obrtel, who, however, had stood outside Teige's circle at that time. Employing psychoanalytical arguments taken over from Georges Bataille, Teige also began criticizing the tendencies in Soviet architecture of the 1930s towards what he called pompous and menacing monumentality. The interest of Czech scientific Functionalists in Surrealism and psychoanalysis did not lead to the emergence of any 'Surrealist architecture'. It was, however, instrumental in enriching architectural form by adding emotional components, even leading to a certain affinity between Functionalism and organic architecture. Le Corbusier's architecture also ceased to be tabooed by Teige's circle. The most interesting testimony to that shift comes in the Volman Villa in Celakovice near Prague (1938-1939), built by a team of architects Janu - Stursa, representing a kind of collage collected from Le Corbusieresque elements, features that eventually came to be discussed by Surrealists during the 1930s.
8

ALEKSANDRS KLINKLAVS' SENSE OF FUNCTIONALISM: RIGA-MONTREAL-CHICAGO (Aleksandra Klinklava funkcionalisma izjuta: Riga-Monreala-Cikaga)

80%
Krisane I.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2007
|
vol. 6
167-188
EN
Aleksandrs Klinklavs' (1899-1982) name in the Latvian history of architecture is not indisputable in relation to a unified architectural style. But his most pronounced passion was Functionalism. Just after graduation from the Architecture Department of the University of Latvia in 1930 Klinklavs became the leading architect of Latvian Red Cross for 10 years, so his enthusiasm was typically related to designing hospitals, sanatoriums and health centres. He is reasonably considered the most potent and talented architect dealing with health care institutions in the 20th century history of Latvian architecture. Klinklavs has won significant architectural competitions of both local and international scale, such as projects for the Latvian Stock Bank (1929), the Students' House (1932), the Riga City Board (1935), and the house of the Ministry of Finances (1936). From 1930 to 1944 the architect has designed about 40 projects for buildings of various significance and functions, half of them being health care edifices. The article examines a selection and juxtaposition of Klinklavs' architectural projects in urban space in three strategic centres of his life - Riga, Montreal and Chicago. The sense of Functionalism is one of the typical features of Klinklavs' architecture mostly attributed to his varied projects (in both functions and scale) in Latvia during the 1930s, but he developed the Functionalist idea also in his later career lasting for almost 30 years in Montreal and Chicago where the dominant post-modern conditions seemingly differed in both aesthetic style and principles. Of course, most of Klinklavs' projects realised in the North American continent should be critically and thoroughly examined before relating them to Functionalist-style principles, but some constructions are particularly strong, very personal and based on manifest traditions of the International Style, mainly health care institutions. According to the tasks set for this article, the author has selected and analysed 6 objects in total from about 36 projects implemented in Latvia, 10 - in Montreal and 17 - in Chicago.
9

LATVIAN ARCHITECTS IN SWEDEN, 1944-1991: WORK IN EXILE (Latviesu arhitekti Zviedrija. Darbs trimda. 1944-1991)

80%
Lejnieks J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2000
|
vol. 1
155-163
EN
After WW II, there was some 30 architects among the 5,000 Latvian refugees who had settled up in Sweden. There was a construction boom going on, and they quickly found work, given that professional contacts with Sweden had been established even before the war. Riga's young architects in the 1930s learned much about classical styles and less about the methods of functionalism. They appeared in Sweden at a time when the two different approaches to architecture - the retrospective and the functional - were becoming synthesized into Neo Empire style. The Latvian architects brought form-type ideas and compositional techniques that had been used in Sweden previously. Among them were a trend toward romantic and monumental construction forms, such as towers on city government buildings. A project to build a new city hall for Riga, the designer for which was influenced by the early-century town hall building of Stockholm, had not been completed when war came. The most significant work toward this direction is the city hall in Vesterosa, which was designed by M. Sanrna and S. Ahlbom. Also accomplished in the profession were Voldemars Vasilis (public buildings in Goetheborg) and Andrejs Legzdins (design publications in the journal Domus), among others. Educated in the traditions of style-based architecture but well aware of the architecture of functionalism, the young Latvian architects were forced to put their ideas into practice in emigration, on the other side of the Baltic Sea. Thus they made a permanent investment in the architecture of the Swedish state.
10
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Pražská škola a empirický funkcionalismus: vachkovské inspirace

70%
Vykypěl B.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2010
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vol. 92
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issue 1-2
54-58
EN
The paper deals with the relationship between the Prague School and the “empirical functionalists”, or “Greenbergians”, i.e. linguists such as Talmy Givón, William Croft, Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath or Joan Bybee. Common concepts are pointed out, primarily those elaborated by Josef Vachek (synchronic dynamism, interaction of language levels, interplay of external and internal factors in the shaping of language). Further, aspects are mentioned in which these current trends can enrich each other: e.g., a broad empirical basis, the methodology of explicative comparison of languages, grammaticalization and iconicity offered by empirical functionalism; on the other hand, the methodology of detailed holistic description of individual languages, questions of language cultivation, topics leading beyond linguistics, etc, provided by the Prague School. Finally, work to make classical Praguean texts accessible is urgently needed.
11
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FESTSPIELHAUS V HELLERAU

70%
Mistrík M.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
|
2016
|
vol. 64
|
issue 4
370 – 384
EN
Teacher and musician Émile Jaques-Dalcroze was provided with ideal conditions for his work in Hellerau near Dresden in 1910. A Festspielhaus had been built for him in the garden city, especially thanks to the entrepreneur Wolf Dohrn. It followed his requirements and offered room not only for his school of rhythm, but also a big theatre. The conception of the building had also been influenced by Adolphe Appia and Alexander von Salzmann. Its modern architecture, authored by Heinrich Tessenow, was, in terms of its style, an early work of functionalism. The Festspielhaus became an international centre for the teaching of rhythm in 1910–1914. It was a source of inspiration, especially in dance, ballet, and pantomime, and significantly influenced the development of the 20th-century theatre.
12
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Paradygmat funkcjonalny Herberta Spencera

70%
Kaczmarek K.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2013
|
issue 2(209)
31-46
EN
In this article, the author reconstructs the particular sense attributed in the Spencer’s functionalism to notions such as function, need, subject of a function and objective consequences. He shows a fundamental difference between this concept and twentieth-century functional theories in sociology. Although they all use the same terms, they give them a remarkably different meaning. Change made by Durkheim in the meaning of the term „function” is of fundamental importance: for Spencer the word “function” meant a specific activity (action, work), but it came to mean the result of an influence. The author challenges the way in which the founding role in the twentieth-century’s functional paradigm is attributed to Spencer. At the same time, he points to theoretical import of the original concept of Spencer in relation to the functional approach as modified by Durkheim.
13

A PROBLEM OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (Nierównosci edukacyjne w teoriach struktury spolecznej)

70%
Sawinski Z.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2009
|
issue 1(192)
89-114
EN
Stratification theories are considered in order to account for the persistence of educational inequalities in contemporary societies. A brief review of empirical evidence from different countries demonstrates that educational inequalities have not diminished for at least 50 years. To explain this phenomenon four social stratification theories are discussed: a functional theory, a theory of cultural capital, a class conflict theory, and a theory of the credential society. Reconciling the assumptions and main theses of the theories demonstrates that each of them can be profitably applied to explain some aspects of the mechanisms through which contemporary educational systems replicate social inequalities from one generation to the next.
14

Veselības pils. Tērvetes sanatorijas būvvēsture, arhitektūra un dizains) Source: Mākslas Vēsture un Teorija (Art History and Theory

70%
Horsta K.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
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2017
|
vol. 20
70-81
EN
The Tērvete sanatorium of the Latvian Red Cross (LRC) was the largest and the most modern newly built sanatorium in the interwar period in Latvia. It was also the largest sanatorium in the Baltics and was able to accommodate 250 patients. From 1918 to 1940 the Latvian Red Cross was the most important and wealthiest humanitarian organization in Latvia. As a result of successful and well considered commercial activities, the LRC could afford to construct modern buildings with the characteristics of modernist architecture and which met the requirements of construction development at that time. Examples include the Tērvete sanatorium (1930–1932), the orthopaedics workshop and medicines storehouse in Riga (1933–1934), the contagious diseases unit in Rēzekne hospital (1933–1934) and the nursing school in Riga (1935–1936). All of them are characteristic examples of Latvian Functionalism and were built by the eminent modernist architect Aleksandrs Klinklāvs (1899–1982). The sanatorium for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis was established in the countryside village of Tērvete because of the extensive surrounding conifer groves, hilly terrain and the specific climate of the region (the lowest rainfall level in the country and many sunny days). The structure of the building was characterized by features of Functionalism – planning according to function, horizontal spatial and façade composition, ribbon-like fenestration with large windows and the use of reinforced concrete. A regional approach to modernism is also visible, which permits a comparison with the Paimio Sanatorium in Finland designed by architect Alvar Aalto (1898–1976). In both cases the architecture was closely linked with the surroundings; for example, pine groves were kept very close to the building and the architectural composition blended harmoniously with the landscape. However, the sanatoriums do not resemble each other either in terms of volumes or in spatial configuration. The Tērvete sanatorium also reveals the principles of the Latvian local cultural milieu – the building shows the visible impact of the nearby Classicist manor houses in Zemgale.
15

'UNREALISED' ALEKSANDRS KLINKLAVS (Neistenotais Aleksandrs Klinklavs)

70%
Krisane I.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2003
|
vol. 1
5-15
EN
The architect Aleksandrs Klinklavs' contribution to the architecture of Latvia in the 1930s is topical and his personality merits serious interest from different viewpoints. Klinklavs belonged to the first generation of Latvian architects that acquired professional education at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Latvia in the early 1930s. He was considered to be the most outstanding student of the Professor Ernests Stalbergs' master class where Klinklavs adopted Functionalism and became one of the leading promoters of this style in Latvia's modern architecture. Klinklavs' professional activities in the Republic of Latvia took place in the decade 1929-1939, when, after graduation from the University in 1930, he supervised the Technical Department of the Latvian Red Cross and simultaneously set up a private building company, both for the next 10 years. During this period, Klinklavs designed and supervised more than 30 different projects, like public houses, government buildings, offfice and residential houses, private villas and factories, both realised and unrealised. The architect can be deservedly praised as the best expert in the building of medical institutions among his Latvian contemporaries as these projects have outnumbered other functional groups. After the Second World War, Klinklavs successfully expanded his creative activities in Canada (Montreal, 1948-1959) and the United States (Chicago, 1959-1982), where he has designed some 18 public buildings - medical institutions, hotels, bank and office buildings, commercial centres and even a church. Klinklavs' name has become almost proverbial in two main aspects of his creative work - as a professional specialist in health care architecture and experienced and successful architect in architectural competitions where he regularly won the first prizes. 'Unrealised' as the key word of the article's title points to the author's wish to discuss those both nationally and architecturally important large-scale projects, for which Klinklavs got the first prizes and high appreciation in competitions but which have never been carried out or realised according to the architect's initial idea.
16

Mental Entities

61%
Holowka J.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
|
2008
|
vol. 17
|
issue 4(68)
171-190
EN
It seems with respect to mental entities that W.V.O. Quine was a reductionist, eliminativist, anti-mentalist and physicalist. He was a reductionist because he held that mental entities are physical phenomena in disguise. He was an eliminativist because he claimed that the scientific image of the world makes no room for such entities whose functioning is not connected with the use of energy. His philosophy was an anti-mentalist because he argued that mental phenomena are to be studies through behavior. He was a physicalist because in his opinion sciences should strive to present a uniform description of the world in all its aspects by referring to physical facts. If we take a closer look at his writings, however, all these assumptions are borne out only in part. The reductionist postulate is moderated by the opinion that theorems of different sciences are not fully intertranslatable. His eliminativism must cope with the argument that unmitigated physicalism obliterates the difference between human beings and zombies. Anti-mentalism is seriously undermined by the role he assigns to the process of language acquisition motivated by empathy. Physicalism is doubtful insofar as it has not been sufficiently distinguished by him from functionalism.
17

CO JE VÝZNAM?

61%
Bartoš V.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2008
|
vol. 63
|
issue 4
305-310
EN
The aim of the paper is to define the problems, which one has to handle in order to understand 'meaning' on the universal-systematic level. The starting point is the famous Searle's thesis 'Syntax cannot keep with semantics'. This thesis is confronted with Dennett's homuncular functionalism, which underlines the fundamental role the evolutionary processes play in the production of an organism endowed with 'meaning'. The author comes to the conclusion that 'meaning' is an inevitably biological evolutionary process in which the hierarchically ordered domains as the results of evolution merge together.
18

Claude Lévi-Strauss: překonat okouzlení

61%
Palecek M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2010
|
vol. 32
|
issue 3
361-382
EN
When we consider which kind of theory we should apply to a given problem, one of the most important criteria is the effect of its application. In other words: we evaluate theories in terms of their abilities to solve problems. In this essay I would like to indicate which kinds of problems are crucial for social sciences and illustrate these problems by means of the structuralist criticism of functionalism. I argue that the Levi-Strauss' proclamations about his method have never been fulfilled and that the structural anthropology is not satisfactory.
19

HARMAN ON MENTAL PAINT AND THE TRANSPARENCY OF EXPERIENCE

61%
Demircioglu E.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2020
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
56 – 81
EN
Harman famously argues that a particular class of anti-functionalist arguments from the intrinsic properties of mental states or events (in particular, visual experiences) can be defused by distinguishing “properties of the object of experience from properties of the experience of an object” and by realizing that the latter are not introspectively accessible (or are transparent). More specifically, Harman argues that we are or can be introspectively aware only of the properties of the object of an experience but not the properties of the experience of an object and hence that the fact that functionalism leaves out the properties of the experience of an object does not show that it leaves out anything mentally relevant. In this paper, I argue that Harman’s attempt to defuse the anti-functionalist arguments in question is unsuccessful. After making a distinction between the thesis of experiencing-act transparency and the thesis of mental-paint transparency, (and casting some doubt on the former,) I mainly target the latter and argue that it is false. The thesis of mental-paint transparency is false, I claim, not because mental paint involves some introspectively accessible properties that are different from the properties of the objects of experiences but because what I call the identity thesis is true, viz. that mental paint is the same as (an array of) properties of the object of experience. The identification of mental paint with properties of the object of experience entails that the anti-functionalist arguments Harman criticizes cannot be rightly accused of committing the fallacy of confusing the two.
20
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Cultural Change and Identity – The Case of Equatorial Africa

61%
Flis M.
Hemispheres. Studies on Cultures and Societies
|
2011
|
issue 26
47-58
EN
The article attempts to shed light on the issue of cultural change in Equatorial Africa. The model proposed is a movement along an Evolution → Diffusion → Evolution path. Social evolution as well as diffusionism comprises a cognitive consequence of cultural differentiation. Divergence in the levels of cultural socialization remains in direct proportion to the degree of the internal dynamics of a specific socio-cultural system. The domination of culture and the natural environment over the sphere of group interests elucidates the lack of endogenous modification and transformation. In this context education play a very significant role as a factor in changes in identity strategies.
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