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EN
Objectives Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) is one of the major sources of air pollution in metropolitan areas. This study is to observe the interactive effects of gene and fine particles (particles smaller than 2.5 μm – $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$) on the respiratory system and explore the mechanisms linking $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ and pulmonary injury. Material and Methods The participants include 110 traffic policemen and 101 common populations in Shanghai, China. Continuous 24 h individual-level $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ is detected and the pulmonary function, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) and the polymorphism in CXCL3, NME7 and C5 genes are determined. The multiple linear regression method is used to analyze the association between $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ and health effects. Meanwhile, the interactive effects of gene and $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ on lung function are analyzed. Results The individual $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ exposure for traffic policemen was higher than that in the common population whereas the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), the ratio of FEV₁ to forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) and lymphocytes are lower. In contrast, the hs-CRP level is higher. In the adjusted analysis, $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ exposure was associated with the decrease in lymphocytes and the increase in hs-CRP. The allele frequencies for NME7 and C5 have significant differences between FEV₁/FVC ≤ 70% and FEV₁/FVC > 70% participants. The results didn’t find the interaction effects of gene and $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ on FEV₁/FVC in all the 3 genes. Conclusions The results indicated that traffic exposure to high levels of $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ was associated with systemic inflammatory response and respiratory injury. Traffic policemen represent a high risk group suffering from the respiratory injury.
EN
Background: The article presents the results of the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the fine particles fraction emitted from 3 types of diesel fuels using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: Samples of diesel Eco, Verwa and Bio exhaust combustion fumes were generated at the model station which consisted of a diesel engine from the 2007 Diesel TDI 2.0. Personal Cascade Sioutas Impactor (PCSI) with Teflon filters was used to collect samples of exhaust fume ultrafine particles. PAHs adsorbed on particulate fractions were analyzed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UHPLC/FL). Results: Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene present the highest concentration in the particulate matter emitted by an engine. The total contents of fine particles collected during engine operation on fuels Eco, Verwa and Bio were 134.2 μg/g, 183.8 μg/g and 153.4 μg/g, respectively, which makes 75%, 90% and 83% of the total PAHs, respectively. The highest content of benzo(a)pyrene determined in particles emitted during the combustion of fuels Eco and Bio was 1.5 μg/g and 1 μg/g, respectively. Conclusions: The study of the PAH concentration in the particles of fine fraction below 0.25 μm emitted from different fuels designed for diesel engines indicate that the exhaust gas content of carcinogens, including PAHs deposited on particulates, is still significant, regardless of the fuel. Application of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the analysis of PAHs in the particles emitted in the fine fraction of diesel exhaust allowed to shorten the analysis time from 35 min to 8 min. Med Pr 2014;65(5):601–608
PL
Wstęp: W artykule przedstawiono wyniki oznaczania zawartości wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) we frakcji cząstek drobnych emitowanych z 3 rodzajów paliw diesla z zastosowaniem ultraszybkiej chromatografii cieczowej. Materiał i metody: Próbki spalin diesla Eco, Verwa i Bio wytwarzano na modelowym stanowisku, które składało się z silnika wysokoprężnego – Diesel 2.0 TDI z 2007 r. Próbki cząstek drobnych spalin pobierano, stosując próbniki Personal Cascade Sioutas Impactor (PCSI, Indywidualny Impaktor Kaskadowy) z filtrami teflonowymi. Analizę WWA osadzonych na cząstkach stałych spalin prowadzono metodą ultraszybkiej chromatografii cieczowej z detekcją fluorescencyjną (ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection – UHPLC/FL). Wyniki: Fenantren, fluoranten, piren i chryzen niezależnie od zastosowanego paliwa obecne były w największych stężeniach w przeliczeniu na masę cząstek stałych emitowanych z silnika. Ich sumaryczna zawartość w cząstkach drobnych zbieranych podczas pracy silnika na paliwie Eco, Verwa i Bio wynosiła odpowiednio 134,2 μg/g, 183,8 μg/g i 153,4 μg/g, co stanowi 75%, 90% i 83% całkowitej zawartości WWA. Największą zawartość benzo(a)pirenu oznaczono w cząstkach emitowanych podczas spalania paliwa Eco i Bio, odpowiednio: 1,5 μg/g i 1 μg/g. Wnioski: Wyniki badań zawartości WWA w cząstkach drobnych frakcji poniżej 0,25 μm emitowanych z różnych paliw przeznaczonych dla silników Diesla wskazują, że mimo wymagań Normy Euro 5 zmniejszenia całkowitej emisji cząstek w spalinach zawartość substancji rakotwórczych, w tym WWA osadzonych na cząstkach stałych, wciąż jest znacząca, niezależnie od paliwa. Zastosowanie UHPLC/FL do analizy WWA w cząstkach frakcji drobnej emitowanej w spalinach diesla pozwoliło skrócić czas analizy z 35 min do 8 min. Med. Pr. 2014;65(5):601–608
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