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EN
Drawing on the extensive research on the life and thought of the German poet Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), most prominently by his biographers Gotthold Deile and Aleksandr Ivanovich Kirpichnikov, the paper outlines the genesis of Schiller’s “Ode to Joy,” a 1785 Masonic festive song, which has become an iconic poem of the European Enlightenment. Consequently, the author compares Schiller’s source text with its renowned 1823 translation by the Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803–1873). Schiller’s poem, filled with blatantly sacrilegious or, at least, unorthodox Masonic undertones, was transformed by Tyutchev into a Russian Orthodox choral, providing the translation studies scholar a unique opportunity to expound on one of the most typical imprints of Russian spirituality in the history of translation and interpretation.
PL
In the Lviv theater headed by Jan Nepomucen Kamiński, Friedrich Schiller’s The Robbers was part of a theater campaign of Romanticism; even though it was cautious due to censorship and long-winded, the Lviv entrepreneur produced an important staging not only considering the selection of the play itself, but also in staging choices and especially in acting ones. Kamiński’s 1817 (or earlier) translation determined the shape of the German Sturm und Drang masterpiece for Polish theaters for many years. It also influenced the way later translations were staged. A copy preserved in the Lviv Theater Library in Katowice dates from 1864. Although Kamiński’s translation was based on an abridged and revised German version of the drama, prepared in 1781 for a theater in Mannheim and published there, the analyzed copy also contains references suggesting the use of the canonical edition, known from the original printing of the drama and its subsequent editions authorized by Schiller. This late copy, bearing the traces of numerous interventions, though some were probably obliterated by the copyist, suggests original staging solutions that may have been made by the first translator and stage adaptor himself.
EN
The primary purpose of this article is to present a practical example of translation criticism through the use of Alexander Batowski's 1831 critique of Jan Nepomucen Kamiński's translation of Friedrich Schiller's poem, Die Ideale. The first part of the article discusses the differences between the 19th century's concept of translation and current trends; it also presents an introduction to the work of both a long-forgotten translator and his critic. Through analysis of Batowski's criticism, there is an attempt first of all to separate the critic's motivation, and then, to define the principles he uses to support his arguments. From this perspective, the article shows the way in which Batowski judges language and stylistic elements in Kamiński's translation. Through the article's historical approach to the problem of translation and translation criticism, it is possible to gain insight into the reception of Schiller's work in Poland in the 19th century.
DE
Im Zentrum des Artikels steht eine Übersetzungskritik, die Aleksander Batowski im Jahre 1831 zur polnischen Übersetzung von Friedrich Schillers Gedicht Die Ideale (von Jan Nepomucen Kamiński) verfasste. Im ersten Teil des Artikels wird dabei auf die im Vergleich zu heute unterschiedliche Übersetzungskonzeption des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts hingewiesen, außerdem werden Kritiker und Übersetzer - beide heute weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten - kurz vorgestellt. Die Analyse von Batowskis Kritik selbst versucht insbesondere seine Motive und seine Grundlagen, auf die er seine Argumente stützt, herauszuarbeiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird beschrieben, wie er Kamińskis Übersetzung sprachlich und stilistisch bewertet. Der Artikel erlaubt somit nicht nur einen Einblick in die Rezeption Schillers im Polen des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts, sondern ermöglicht außerdem eine Annäherung an die Problematik von Übersetzung und Übersetzungskritik in ihrer historischen Dimension.Schlüsselwörter: Aleksander Batowski, Jan Nepomucen Kamiński, Friedrich Schiller, Übersetzungskritik 19. Jahrhundert, literarische Übersetzung 19. Jahrhundert.
PL
Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest wypowiedź krytyczna na temat przekładu - napisana przez Aleksandra Batowskiego w roku 1831 na temat polskiego tłumaczenia wiersza Friedricha Schillera Die Ideale autorstwa Jana Nepomucena Kamińskiego. W pierwszej części artykułu pokazano odmienne od dzisiejszego rozumienie przekładu w początkach XIX w., przedstawione zostają także osoby krytyka i tłumacza, postaci dzisiaj zapomniane. Analiza krytyki Batowskiego stara się zrekonstruować motywy oraz podstawy, na których opiera on swoją argumentację. Na tym tle pokazane jest, jak Batowski ocenia przekład Kamińskiego pod kątem jego stylistyki oraz języka. Artykuł ukazuje również sposób recepcji dzieł Schillera w Polsce w XIX w., daje także wgląd w problematykę przekładu i krytyki przekładu w ich wymiarze historycznym.
EN
The study investigates the conception of science and study in the inaugural lecture of the Prague professor of aesthetics, Joseph Georg Meinert, delivered in 1806. It shows that its hidden source of ideas was the inaugural lecture of Friedrich Schiller delivered in Jena in 1789. Meinert, as a civil servant, was not able to give a direct presentation of Schiller’s ideas because they were in conflict with the national curriculum of philosophical studies. Meinert therefore chose legerdemain in putting forward Schiller’s ideas in a form that was acceptable to the Viennese court. The study describes the steps that he took to this end.
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This article attempts to define the place of elegiac modality in the literary output of Victor Hugo. The starting point for the discussion and at the same time appropriate interpretative tool is the definition of elegy derived from the writings of German theoreticians of Romanticism: Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel. The thing is question is the elegiac attitude based on exposing of what is ideal and lost at the same time. The above, indeed, constitutes an answer to the questions of the experience of crisis so inherent to Romanticism. Analyses of the early poetical volumes written by the author show a particular evolution of Hugo’s conception of poetry. Politically committed The Odes, being anti-elegiac by assumption, are discussed, as well as purely poetical Eastern poems overtly promoting limitless freedom which characterizes the creative imagination. The interpretation of individual poems from these volumes proves, however, that one can discern a certain elegiac tone in them, though the tone is never dominant. The volume that distinctively enhances the elegy (thus far discredited by Hugo and from then on permanently occurring in his works) turns out to be Autumn Leaves - a collection of poems of contemplative, melancholic, visionary and self-reflective character.
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Regimes of Identification of Art

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PL
W tekście hasłowo przywołuję problem demarkacji sztuki i XX wieczne próby jej definiowania podejmowane na gruncie filozofii analitycznej. Przyjmuję interpretację, że są one wyrazem roz¬poznania zasadniczej niemożliwości wskazania jakichkolwiek własności, którymi w sposób ko-nieczny lub wystarczający powinien charakteryzować się przedmiot o statusie dzieła sztuki. Stąd zaczęto więc pytać nie o to, czym jest dzieło sztuki, ale o kontekst w jakim sztuka się konstytuuje. Jedną propozycji jest koncepcja Jaquesa Rancière’a mówiąca o różnych “porządkach interpre¬tacyjnych sztuki”. W najbardziej ogólny sposób można ją sprowadzić do twierdzenia, że to jakie przedmioty będą rozpoznawalne jako dzieła sztuki jest kwestią dominującego dyskursu. To on decyduje o tym, które działania będą postrzegane jako praktyka artystyczna, a produkty tych działań jako dzieła sztuki. W prezentowanym tekście omówię rozpoznane przez Rancière’a po¬rządki interpretacyjne i podejmę próbę skonfrontowania ich z dzisiejszą praktyką artystyczną.
EN
The problem of the demarcation of art and the efforts of analytical philosophy to work out the definition of art were the key issues in aesthetics through most of the 20th century. Tho¬se issues emerged from recognizing the impossibility of indicating any sufficient or substantial attributes to being art. Instead of working out the definition the theorists eventually focused on the context which can by essential for recognize some actions or objects as an art. In my paper I cite one of the contemporary efforts of solution of that issues. I am referring to Jaques Rancière’s “regimes of art,” which can be consider as frames for not only interpretation of art but mostly as condition for recognition of art as visible. In other words: the dominant discourse decides what is recognized as art or what is visible as art. I will briefly present his “regimes of art” and I will try to confront them with one of the examples of contemporary socially engaged art.
EN
This text provides an interpretation of three poems, written by nineteenth century poets, that share a common theme of Autumn, with a particular attention given to the motif of a withered leaf. The author is interested how the poems in question match the elegiac convention of autumn lyric poetry and, at the same time, how each in its own way tries to overcome this convention. In Odpowiedź na list written by Stefan Garczyński, the acceptance of passing is concurrently met with defiance, expressed in a language of paradoxical metaphor. Teofil Lenartowicz in his Liście zwiędłe breaches the formal elegiac tone with the application of underlying vitalistic overtones included in the poem. Adam Asnyk’s Zwiędły listek, through a superposition of metonymies, achieves the effect of multilayered mediation and erasure of the trace of experience. The reading and understanding of the three poems, composed in Romanticism and post-Romanticism periods, make it possible to observe, fragmentarily of course, the multiplicity of different poetic attitudes that accompany the process of re-enchantment of the world.
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It was observed as early as the mid-twentieth century that aesthetics as a philosophical theory of art differs from its objects. The products of contemporary artistic practice go beyond the horizon of traditional aesthetics. Artists are involved increasingly often and on a wide scale in the actions aimed at transforming and constructing the common space. In the face of such activities as took place, for example, as part of the 7th Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art in 2012, traditional aesthetics seems to be helpless. That is why, if art is to continue to be the focus of aesthetic investigations, it must, as it were, redefine itself. Jacques Rancière is one of the authors who have outlined the new horizon of aesthetics. In my paper I will briefly present his conception. It provides some theoretical tools which I will use for the description and interpretation of some selected examples of contemporary socially engaged artistic practices. I will show that his distinction of the „aesthetic regime“ of the interpretation of art reveals the competence that combines all artistic practices, past and present, into one concept of art: art as politics. The foundations for setting such perspective were already provided by Schiller and Kant – the classics of modern philosophical aesthetics.
PL
Już w początkach XX wieku dostrzeżono, że przedmiot badań estetyki – jako dziedziny filozoficznej – stał się nieoczywisty. Także i dzisiaj produkty praktyk artystyczny wykraczają daleko poza horyzont tradycyjnej estetyki, a artyści coraz częściej angażują się w konstruowanie i kształtowanie przestrzeni społecznej. W obliczu praktyk artystycznych, jakich nagromadzeniem stało się na przykład 7. Berlińskie Biennale sztuki współczesnej, tradycyjna estetyka wydaje się bezradna. Jeśli nadal chce utrzymać w swoim polu badawczym przedmioty sztuki, musi niejako na nowo zdefiniować swoje granice. Jednym ze współczesnych teoretyków, którzy kreślą nowy horyzont tego, co estetyczne, jest Jaques Rancière. W tekście przedstawiam jego koncepcję “estetyki jako polityki” i wydobywam z niej narzędzia teoretyczne, które posłużą mi do opisu i interpretacji wybranych przykładów praktyk artystycznych zaangażowanych społecznie. Pokażę, że Rancierowski “reżim estetyczny” pozwala umieścić całość dorobku sztuki w jednym pojęciu: sztuki jako polityki. A uzasadnienie takiego ujęcia znajdziemy także u takich klasyków nowożytnej estetyki jak Schiller i Kant.
EN
In my paper I try to trace and understand the reasons for the birth of the 24/7 world as it is described by Johnatan Crary in his book 24/7 Late Capitalism and the Ends of Sleep. He proposes a grim vision of late capitalism in which sleep deprivation and the disintegration of public and private spaces will become a market necessity. My attempt to understand is supported on two other authors. First, Hannah Arendt provided me with an analysis of origins, transformations and somewhat present version of the relation of private and public spheres. Second, Fredrich Schiller delivered an interesting theory on the aesthetic ideal, art, beauty and human experience of beauty. These three analyzes stand as basis for my attempt to present a proposal to overcome the crisis described by Crary and the answer is related to the issue of aesthetic experience of street art in urban space.
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