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EN
“Gazeta Urzędowa Tomaszowska” (“Tomaschower Amtliche Zeitung”) was an organ of the Municipality of Tomaszów Mazowiecki. It appeared twice a week from December 1915 to June 1917. The magazine was printed in German and Polish. It contained ordinances and announcements of the occupying central and local authorities, as well as semi-official and private announcements. In total, 160 issues of the magazine were published. The article discusses the content of TAZ, emphasizing the undeniable historical value of the magazine for the history of Tomaszów Mazowiecki during the First World War.
EN
The military conflict which broke out in August 1914, later named the Great War, extended into the entire territory of the Kingdom of Poland. Armed hostilities conducted by allied German and Austro-Hungarian armies against Russian forces ruined a lot of households depriving their owners of livelihood. A tragic situation of the Kingdom of Poland’s residents posed a risk of humanitarian disaster. The first organization providing help and support to civil victims of the war in the Polish territory was the Civic Committee. However, its works were interrupted in September 1915, soon after Warsaw was seized by German forces. Those who had been earlier involved in charity work knew that new authorities would probably allow to continue charity activity because a lack of interest in this issue could eventually harm the implementation of occupational policy. These expectations proved accurate. German administration gave consent for the establishment of a new social organization, i.e. Central Welfare Council [Rada Główna Opiekuńcza] (RGO). Polish environments carried out negotiations thereon with occupational authorities from October 1915 to spring 1916. Their purpose was to establish powers that the newly created institution should be vested in. The aspirations of individuals who were to work in RGO in the future sometimes exceeded the expectations of the Germans by and large. Occupational authorities did not agree, among others, for the pursuit of activity in the field of education, medical care or collection of data concerning substantive losses in the effect of warfare. Nevertheless, the attitude of German authorities was gradually becoming less consistent as they needed to win favour of the Polish society. In practice, RGO was involved not only in strictly charitable initiatives (financial support of social care centres, food distribution, organization of fund- raising, etc.) but also in educational activity, loss estimation and organization of medical facilities.
Mäetagused
|
2023
|
vol. 87
125-154
EN
The article looks at the teaching of folklore at the University of Tartu during World War II and the German occupation. It covers three academic years, from the autumn of 1941 to the spring of 1944. In previous studies, the period under review has been presented as a disruption: these years were either ignored altogether or described as an aberration in the development of the Soviet university. Yet it is noticeable that, when discussing the contribution of scholars whose professional biography also covers this period, their work is presented in the context of years, not political periods. All three approaches are characterised by the ideology of an authoritarian state: if research done during the German occupation was spoken of positively, it could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. Therefore, this topic – the everyday life of the University of Tartu during the German occupation and the war – is expected to become relevant. The gap in knowledge needs filling. Was there any activity in folklore at all during this period? The Chair of Folklore was established at the University of Tartu in 1919, when the Estonian-language university was opened. In the Tsarist era (1802–1917), studying the Estonian language and culture was possible in lectureship courses only. Jaan Jõgever (1860–1924) systematically taught folklore as part of the lectureship course from 1909. In 1919, Jaan Jõgever became the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and one of the leading architects of the structure of the chairs of the Estonian language, culture and history at the university. Walter Anderson (1885–1962), an alumnus of Kazan University, who was already internationally renowned, was invited to the post of professor of folklore. In parallel, courses in Estonian folklore were taught by M. J. Eisen (1857–1934), who had previously worked as a pastor but, as a folklore collector, was a good expert on Estonian folklore. After Eisen died and Anderson left Tartu (in the course of the Umsiedlung in 1939), three alumni of the Estonian-language university engaged in teaching: Oskar Loorits (1900–1961), Elmar Päss (1901–1970), and the literary scholar August Annist (1899–1972). Elmar Päss moved to Tallinn at the end of the 1930s. Oskar Loorits, who was also the director of the Estonian Folklore Archives, became in charge of the chair. Due to conflict with the German occupation authorities, he could not continue working at the university at the end of 1942. However, folklore-related activities at the university continued: literary scholar August Annist delivered lectures and gave examinations in the specialisation. In autumn 1944, when the Soviet university reopened, Eduard Laugaste became the head of the Chair of Folklore. Annist continued as a lecturer of literature but was arrested in the early summer of 1945 and spent the next six years as a political prisoner. After he was released, he did not return to the university. This excursus reveals that, despite favourable and unfavourable circumstances, the teaching of folklore at the university that had started in 1909 was not discontinued during the war. However, it also shows that in the first half of the 20th century the government’s role was decisive in shaping the independence of the discipline by establishing the institutions. Today, it is important to analyse the development of the discipline, considering the interactions between the state, the institutions and the researcher(s), to gain a complete picture.
EN
At the end of 1918, Romania exits the Great War as a victorious country, following a German occupation and double change in political alliances. The after-war years are dedicated to the national unification, political and cultural alike; there is much talk in the public agenda of starting anew and the ethical dimension of this renewing process is obviously of highest priority. The present paper aims to examine a specific element of the Romanian public agenda at the end of 1918 and beginning of 1919: the press campaigns dealing with the aftermath of the occupation years, specifically the case of war profiteers, during the first months following the war. Based on various forms of press campaigns aiming to expose the war profiteers, this article showcases the ad-hominem literary pamphlet, largely present in the Romanian press during the immediate post-war years. Seen as an intermediate genre (closely related to the press in terms of form and immediate purpose, but claiming literary status for its use of techniques and structures borrowed from literature), the literary pamphlet is used in the Romanian press of ’18–’19 for its symbolical charge and as a substitute for ‘real’ social justice.
PL
An important form of struggle against the German occupant during the Second World War were illegal magazines appearing throughout Poland. Their task was to counteract enemy propaganda, break the informational blockade, and shape citizens’ awareness. Apart from the “Information Bulletin of the Home Army” edited by the Polish Underground State, there appeared also magazines edited by political organisations, including those related to the national-radical movement. Young editors from the Młodzież Wszechpolska and Młodzież Wielkiej Polski organisations stressed that one of the greatest threats posed by the war is the demoralisation of the young generation, and that the need to counteract this phenomenon is as important as the armed struggle. The analysed texts reveal a less known, non-stereotypical image of Polish nationalistic organisations.
EN
RuSHA’s Bohemia & Moravia branch was a key tool in the Nazis’ Germanisation policy against the Czechs. Its mission originally involved the undertaking of a race survey of Czech children in order to ascertain the proportion of the population who were ‘Germanisable’ in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The result was to be of key importance for planning the Germanisation of the Czech lands. The branch soon acquired competencies in race selection and as such became an advisory body of the occupational administration in matters of citizenship, mixed marriages, admitting Czech pupils to German schools, acquiring Czech experts for Germanisation, and also anti-Jewish policies. Over the mere four years it operated, the originally small workplace gradually grew into a complex body with an internal structure of many branches. The authority’s activities had to be significantly restricted during the final months of war, with ever more RuSHA employees leaving for the front.
EN
Can contemporary literature cocreate History? Can it interpret it through its involvement? The present article offers a discussion on the extent to which Le Tramway des officiers is a historical novel; does is use historical memory and if so, how does it do it? This labyrinthine novel with its complicated structure takes place in a specific time of the German occupation, in an unnamed city, and its characters are ambiguously interpreted. These factors seem to suggest that the objective interpretation of history is impossible.
EN
Three very different organisational structures of the economic and personnel department existed over the six years of existence of the Prague Gestapo, of which one only existed very briefly. Only one department administering this paperwork initially existed and then separate departments for administration and personnel matters were established in the second half of the war. There was also a “confiscation” department from 1941 to 1943. Although these departments were not parts of the Prague station with executive authority, their officials and employees were involved in massive theft from both the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the protectorate. Some were subsequently deployed on the Eastern Front, where they were involved in the Nazi extermination policy.
PL
Artykuł jest przeglądem archiwalnych dokumentów z okresu drugiej wojny światowej. Dokumenty stanowią własność autora, który podejmuje próbę rekonstrukcji wizji przyszłości Łodzi jako piątego co do wielkości miasta Rzeszy – Litzmannstadt. Jawi się perspektywa rozwoju miasta nieco karykaturalna, lecz budząca chwilami grozę. Jest ona świadectwem czasów na szczęście minionych.
EN
The article presents the military fortifications built by the Germans during World War II near Tomaszów Mazowiecki in the years 1940–1944, especially the long belt of fortifications called Piliza Stellung, although it focuses on a relatively short section running along the Pilica River from Sulejów to Inowłódz and Lubocz (near Rzeczyca). The paper discusses various types of shelters, and more broadly presents the preserved military fortifications in Tomaszów Mazowiecki and the railway shelter complexes (“Anlage Mitte”) in Konewka and Jelenia.
EN
Priests – martyrs of the deanery of Łasin from the time of the Second World War The deanery of Łasin is marked with the blood of priests, who served there during the Second World War. They were the priesthood of Diocese of Chełm, today known as the Diocese of Toruń, which was the victim of the martyrdom. The witnesses of their deaths are the silent boards located in the churches in the deanery, which force people living nowadays to save sacrafice and memories of the martyrs. The article presents biographical notes about the martyrs from Łasin, Dąbrówka Królewska, Szembruk, Szynwałd, Strzelce i Święte. These described characters and the way in which they were deprived of their lives show the enormous suffering written in the history of Łasin and its neighbourhood.
PL
Kapłani – męczennicy dekanatu łasińskiego z czasów II wojny światowej Dekanat łasiński naznaczony jest krwią kapłanów, którzy posługiwali w nim w czasie II wojny światowej. Stanowili oni duchowieństwo ówczesnej diecezji chełmińskiej, dziś diecezji toruńskiej, które padło ofiarą męczeństwa. Świadkami ich śmierci są nieme tablice umieszczone w kościołach dekanatu, które wołają do żyjących, by ocalić ich pamięć i ofiarę. Artykuł przedstawia biogramy męczenników z Łasina, Dąbrówki Królewskiej, Szembruka, Szynwałdu, Strzelec i Świętego. Opisane postacie oraz sposób pozbawiania ich życia przez okupanta pokazują jak wielkie cierpienie wpisane jest w historię Łasina i jego okolic.
EN
The article gives an insight into the challenges related to shaping the historical identity of the Estonian people in a broad historical perspective, with particular regard to the period when a sovereign Estonian state was being built after restoration of independence in 1991. Among the main issues related to “elaborating the past”, as discussed in the later part of the paper, are the revival process of Estonian statehood in the last years before the fall of the Soviet Union, rehabilitation of victims of Communist terror, as well as the question of Estonian citizens who served in the armed forces of both the German and Soviet regimes. The paper gives an overview of both the legal and symbolic elements of Estonia’s politics of memory, the history of commemorating the victims of the German and Soviet regimes, and the controversies and discussions that broke out over the Estonian ethnos in the Baltic Sea, as stipulated by a traditional vision of the Estonian history of ethnicity. Finally, the article examines the repressed nature of Estonian national existence before an independent state was created in 1918, while evaluating the authoritarian governments of 1934–1940, the Soviet annexation (1940–1941, 1944–1991) and the German occupation (1941–1944).
EN
Judiciary during the Second World War and occupation of the Polish territories by the Third German Reich still need comprehensive studies. Overall opinion on the publications issued in recent years is positive, even optimistic. It needs to be emphasized that these works are published not only by the experienced researches but also by young researches at the beginning of their scientific careers. All of the works mentioned in this publication were based on good archival sources. The state of our knowledge about the judiciary during the Second World War and the occupation of Polish lands by the Third German Reich has been significantly expanded and deepened. Another reason for optimism is announcements of new monographs and source studies.
PL
Problematyka sądownictwa w okresie II wojny światowej i okupacji ziem polskich przez III Rzeszę Niemiecką wciąż wymaga dalszych pogłębionych badań. Ogólna ocena dorobku publikacyjnego ostatnich lat jest jednak pozytywna, a nawet optymistyczna. Na podkreślenie zasługuje fakt, że obok prac znanych i doświadczonych historyków ustroju i prawa pojawiły się pozycje innych uczonych, dla których jest to początek badań na tej niwie. Wszystkie przywołane w niniejszym artykule publikacje naukowe oparte zostały na solidnej bazie źródłowej. Stan naszej wiedzy na temat sądownictwa w okresie II wojny światowej i okupacji ziem polskich przez III Rzeszę został znacznie poszerzony i pogłębiony. Źródłem optymizmu są też zapowiedzi nowych monografii i opracowań źródłowych.
RU
Немецкая оккупация во времена первой мировой войны в северно-восточных областях бывшей Речи Посполитой (Белосточчина, Сувальщина, Гродненщина, Виленщина) мало исследована и описана в польской исторической литературе. Влияет на это, прежде всего, отсутствие доступных первоисточников. Публикуемый документ «Немецкое управление в Гродно и окрестностях» датированный маем 1917 года, дает ценную информацию о положении населения, в регионе, подлегающем управлению Обер-Ост, абсолютной экономической политике немецких властей и проблемах образования в оккупированных районах. В нем также представлены данные о межнациональных отношениях и о политической жизни в городе и регионе. Диссертация была подготовлена активистами польских общественных организаций из Гродно и отправлена в Высший национальный совет в Кракове.
EN
The German occupation of the north-east of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (the territories belonging today partly to Poland, Lithuania and Belarus)is relatively little known and described in scholarly Polish history literature. This fact results mainly from the lack of available historical sources. The document entitled ‘German Reign in Grodno and its Vicinity’, which dates from May 1917, provides us with considerable amount of precious information about the situation of the Poles in the German zone subordinated to Ober Ost administration. The ruthless economic exploitation, obstruction of the organization of Polish education were typical of German authorities. The document also presents data on the ethnic composition of the area and political activity. The paper was prepared by Polish activists from Grodno and sent to the Supreme National Committee in Krakow.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2022
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
85-102
EN
The article’s subject is the arrests and deportations to concentration camps in the Reich carried out by the Gestapo in April and May 1940 on Polish territory incorporated into the Reich. An attempt has been made to determine the overall size of the Intelligenzaktion based on data concerning the scale of arrests in individual Reich districts, provinces, and regions, confronted with the number of transports to concentration camps in Dachau, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są aresztowania i deportacje do obozów koncentracyjnych w Rzeszy przeprowadzone przez Gestapo w kwietniu i maju 1940 r. na ziemiach polskich wcielonych do Rzeszy. Na podstawie danych dotyczących skali aresztowań w poszczególnych okręgach Rzeszy, prowincjach i rejencjach, skonfrontowanych z liczebnością transportów do obozów koncentracyjnych Dachau, Ravensbrück i Sachsenhausen, podjęto próbę ustalenia ogólnych rozmiarów Intelligenzaktion.
PL
Podczas okupacji niemieckiej 1915–1918 Sztab Generalny Generalnego Gubernatorstwa Warszawskiego tworzył nadrzędną strukturę w stosunku do niemieckiego Zarządu Cywilnego GGW. Wytyczne sztabu realizowało jedenaście gubernatorstw wojskowych, a ich zwierzchnicy de facto nadzorowali działania administracji lokalnej. Sprawując władzę, posługiwali się batalionami landszturmu, które tworzyły trzon wojsk okupacyjnych. Na ziemiach polskich sztab GGW utrzymywał rodzaj frontu wewnętrznego, który istniał przez całą okupację, nawet po ogłoszeniu Aktu 5 listopada 1916 r. During the German occupation of 1915–1918 the General Staff of the General Government of Warsaw established the structure superior to the German Civil Administration of the GGW. Guidelines of the Staff were followed by eleven military governments, and their superiors de facto supervised operations of the local authorities. Military governments used Landsturm troops that formed the core of the occupation army. In the Polish territory, the Staff of the GGW maintained a kind of internal front throughout the whole occupation period, even after the declaration of the 5th November Act of 1916.
PL
W listopadzie 1918 r. jedynie część ziem polskich mogła cieszyć się niepodległością. Natomiast północno-wschodnie obszary przedrozbiorowej Rzeczypospolitej pozostawały nadal pod okupacją niemiecką i musiały oczekiwać na niepodległość jeszcze kilka miesięcy. Wiązało się to z sytuacją wojskowo-polityczną w tej części Europy, gdzie Niemcy dysponowały poważnymi siłami wojskowymi, ciągle zachowującymi dyscyplinę i zdolność bojową. Należy też zaznaczyć, że system okupacyjny na obszarze podległym dowódcy frontu wschodniego (Oberbefehlshaber Ost – w skrócie Ober-Ost) był dużo bardziej represyjny i uciążliwy dla mieszkańców niż np. w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie Warszawskim. Władze okupacyjne prowadziły bezwzględną eksploatację gospodarczą okupowanych terytoriów. Mieszkańców poddano ścisłej kontroli. Wprowadzono zakaz działalności politycznej oraz ostrą cenzurę prasy i wszelkich publikacji. Zakazano zgromadzeń publicznych oraz wprowadzono ograniczenia w możliwości przemieszczania się ludności.
EN
The aim of this article is to try to establish what kind of relations arose between the Polish population and retreating groups of German troops and the Germans living in connection with the occupation of the Kingdom of Poland in 1918. To collect and present descriptions of these relations and the attitude of the Polish population towards the German troops and to determine whether the German occupation, especially in its final stage, was unequivocally bad or whether it brought some positives.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba ustalenia, jakie relacje powstawały pomiędzy  ludnością polską, a wycofującymi się grupami wojsk niemieckich i Niemcami zamieszkującymi w związku z okupacją Królestwo Polskie w 1918 roku.   Zebranie i przedstawienie opisów tych relacji i stosunku polskiej ludności do wojsk niemieckich oraz stwierdzenie, czy okupacja niemiecka, zwłaszcza w końcowym jej etapie, była jednoznacznie zła, czy też może przyniosła jakieś pozytywy.
EN
The hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War represents an opportunity to remind the general public of some research demands that have not been elaborated up to date. One of them is the role of German military units stationed in the town of Ostrołęka in the occupational system of the Military Governorate of Łomża in the years 1915–1918. This article sets out the names of such German military units including those that were stationed in that town in November 1918. As a result of an analysis, it was found that the German Command did not make a full use of the potential of the military barracks complex located in the vicinity of the town of Ostrołęka: the size of the complex outgrew the scale and the military needs of the Military Governorate of Łomża. It is also supposed that the importance of the Ostrołęka–Willenberg (Wielbark) railway line for the process of Poland’s regaining independence is still underestimated. The line was in 1918 an important route of evacuation of German army and its administrative apparatus from the territory of the northeast part of the Masovia region.
PL
Setna rocznica wybuchu I wojny światowej stanowi okazję do przypomnienia postulatów badawczych, które nie zostały dotąd opracowane. Jednym z nich jest rola niemieckich jednostek stacjonujących w Ostrołęce w systemie okupacyjnym Gubernatorstwa Wojskowego Łomża w latach 1915–1918. W artykule zostały sprecyzowane nazwy jednostek niemieckich, także tych stacjonujących w mieście w listopadzie 1918 r. W wyniku analizy stwierdzono, że dowództwo niemieckie nie wykorzystało w pełni potencjału militarnego kompleksu koszarowego pod Ostrołęką. Swoimi rozmiarami przerastał on skalę i potrzeby militarne Gubernatorstwa Wojskowego Łomża. Jednocześnie wydaje się, że wciąż niedoceniane jest znaczenie linii kolejowej: Ostrołęka–Willenberg (Wielbark) w procesie odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości. W listopadzie 1918 r. była ważną trasą ewakuacji niemieckiego wojska i aparatu administracyjnego z północno-wschodniego Mazowsza.
EN
Propaganda was part of the total war between the Nazi and Soviet regimes in 1941–45. In the territory of Belorussia occupied by the Germans, both states used all propaganda tools possible to mobilize or intimidate people. Initially, the communist press, distributed under conspirational circumstances, both that printed in Russia, and in underground printing houses, motivated to the struggle against the occupiers, and from 1943 on, was convincing people of the necessity to restore the communist system and account people for the fulfilment of their obligations towards the Soviet country.
PL
Propaganda stanowiła część wojny totalnej reżimów hitlerowskiego i sowieckiego, prowadzonej w latach 1941–1945. Na obszarze okupowanej przez Niemców Białorusi każda ze stron wykorzystywała wszystkie środki propagandowe do mobilizacji lub zastraszania społeczeństwa. Prasa komunistyczna, rozpowszechniana w warunkach konspiracyjnych, zarówno drukowana w Rosji, jak w podziemnych drukarniach, początkowo mobilizowała do walki z okupantami, a od 1943 r. przekonywała społeczeństwo o nieuchronności powrotu systemu komunistycznego i konieczności rozliczenia z wykonania obowiązków wobec sowieckiej ojczyzny.
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