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1
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Germanische und slavische Bezeichnungen für ‘Milch’ und ‘melken’

100%
Levickij V.
Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 2
101-104
EN
A hypothesis has been proposed stating that the Germanic words with the meaning ‘milk’ and ‘to milk’ go back to IE root *mel- ‘to crush, to squash’, ‘to spread, to smear’. This root could have generated two semantic derivatives, namely, ‘to spill; wet, moist’ and ‘to rub, to stroke’ to which the meanings ‘milk’ and ‘to milk’ go back. The Germanic *mel-uk- ‘milk’ might be a compound word, the second component o which *au eg-/ug- has the meaning ‘to increase, to add’.
2
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Irregular Sound Change due to Frequency in Germanic Languages

100%
Mańczak W.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2010
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vol. 52
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issue 1
55-65
EN
Until now, irregular sound change due to frequency has been considered as something sporadic, affecting only the vocabulary, whereas, according to the present writer, irregular sound change due to frequency, which concerns also reductions in morphemes, especially in inflectional ones (which are even more frequently used than words), is the third essential factor of linguistic evolution, in addition to regular sound change and analogical development. There is a synchronic law according to which the linguistic elements which are more often used are smaller than those which are less often used. There is a kind of balance between the size of linguistic elements and their frequency. But if a linguistic element (morpheme, word or group of words) becomes too long in relation to its frequency, it must be shortened.
3
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The Form of DO Employed to Form the Weak Preterit

100%
White D. L.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
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2021
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issue 30(2)
5-32
EN
In all of the various sub-cases that comprise the case of what PIE tense of DO was employed to form the weak preterit, perfect origin falls somewhere in the range of “almost certain” to “quite possible”. By contrast, non-perfect origin is in most cases de- pendent on propositions that are either ad hoc or otherwise problematic. In the only case that at first appears to strongly favor non-perfect origin, 2SG /-dɛɛs/ can be seen as orig- inating by “opportunistic re-interpretation” of /-dɛd-t/ > /-dɛss/ as /-dɛɛs/, with 2SG /-s/. Obscure phonological changes of the traditional kind permit the 1SG, 3SG, and 3PL to be seen as having perfect origin. All forms can be seen as having perfect origin.
4
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The Place Of English In Germanic And Indo-European

88%
Shimomiya T.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2008
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vol. 50
163-175
EN
A. Bammesberger’s article ‘The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European’ (pp. 26–66) in Vol. 1 (The Beginnings to 1066) of The Cambridge History of the English Language (ed. Richard M. Hogg, Cambridge University Press, 1992) was reviewed rather unfavorably (review article of the volume by Richard D. Janda in World Englishes, vol. 14, 1995). This is a recast of the same topic in a different presentation, which can be justified as the proverb ‘So many cooks, so many dishes’ has it. The style of presentation follows that of the French linguist Bernard Pottier, whose principle is based on a set of short definitions with a couple of examples. The conclusion of the present paper is that English is the most “entgermanisierte” (the least Germanic) language, just as French is the most “entromanisierte” (the least Romanic) language, while Modern Icelandic, free from foreign influence, has remained the purest of all Germanic languages.
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Zur Frage des nichtindogermanischen Substrats im Germanischen : ein kurzer Überblick

88%
Bichlmeier H.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2016
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vol. 77
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issue 4
316-336
EN
For about 100 years, a myth has been fostered in Germanic historical linguistics: it has been claimed that some 30% or more of the Germanic lexical stock are of non-Indo-European substrate origin. Despite this claim, no list of more than 40–50 lexical items has ever been offered to prove it. For most of these lexical items, which pertain to the sphere of seafaring and related subjects, solid Indo-European etymologies have been completed in the meantime. On the other hand, it can be shown that the mythical number of 30% is based on an Indo-Europeanists’ incorrect interpretation of rather sound statistics on the Germanic lexicon offered in a book by Bruno Liebich (1899). Moreover, Vennemann’s theories of a ‘Vasconic’ substratum and a ‘Semitidic’ superstratum in the Germanic lexicon may be discarded of as an unproven and unprovable phantasma. Discussion must go on, however, about claims made by Leiden Indo-Europeanists regarding the substratal origin of certain phonological structures in Germanic words, which cannot go back directly to PIE preforms. In the end, the more conservative approaches to the problem by the authors of the Etymological Dictionary of Old High German are exemplified with data taken from Vol. V (2014).
6
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The Indo-European family tree and its split – a report from the workshop The Indo-European family tree

88%
Garbicz P.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2018
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issue 25
9-20
EN
The paper provides an overview of a number of recent presentations of the Indo-European family tree and the split off its branches, as found in standard textbooks on the topic. These views are contrasted against the results of a workshop, The Indo-European family tree (University of Copenhagen, 15–17 Feb. 2017). Our account specifically addresses whether there are reasons to assume the existence of Italo-Celtic, Graeco-Armenian and what is the position of the Germanic branch in the tree. The use of new archaeological methods, computational cladistics and DNA-studies and their possible importance for diachronic linguistics are also mentioned.
7
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David L. Gold’s English, Jewish and other etymologies

75%
Stachowski M.
Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 4
167-195
EN
Thirty-one etymological studies published in a new volume by David L. Gold are discussed in this article. A general characteristics of David L. Gold’s etymological work and methodology is given at the end of the study.
8
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Germanic Women in the Eyes of Law

63%
Buczek K.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2018
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vol. 7
55-66
EN
Germanic laws focused mainly on community and kinship ties, they clearly defined social divisions and organized the life of the community. The law was not to be perceived as a product of the times, it was passed on from generation to generation and conveyed the wisdom of the elder. Every crime against another person or their property, independently of whether it concerned family laws, laws of property or any other laws, had to be compensated in accordance with customary rules as well as the social status of the aggrieved.The paper takes the perspective of social and cultural anthropology and aims to shed some light on the legal situation of women in Germanic laws. The author’s aim is to investigate the position of women and their legal status in Germanic society. The paper compares the situation of young women who remained under the protection of their fathers and brothers with the situation of wives, mothers and finally widows. The author discusses the crimes committed on women and the severity of their punishment that are mentioned in the available manuscripts of legal texts. The paper aims at presenting both the image and legal status of a Germanic woman.
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Mesovariation: A Review of Krzysztof Migdalski’s Second Position Effects in the Syntax of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2016

63%
van Riemsdijk H. C.
Anglica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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issue 56
311 - 319
EN
This review presents a concise overview of the main issues treated in Migdalski’s book. Wackernagel’s conjecture that there is a close relationship between the verb second phenomena in Germanic and the clitic second phenomena in Slavic must be closely related and must be the result of the same type of grammatical process is found to be only partly true, but also partly on the wrong track. This conclusion is reached on the basis of minute study of the relevant phenomena in a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages, both synchronically and diachronially. The result is an immensely rich exploration of second position phenomena in two major Indo-European language families.
10
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From Proto-Slavic into Germanic or from Germanic into Proto-Slavic? A review of controversial loanwords

63%
Noińska M., Rychło M.
Studia Rossica Gedanensia
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2017
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issue 4
39-52
EN
Германские заимствования в праславянском языке были всесторонне проанализированы как западными, так и восточными учеными, однако проблема заимствований в обратном направлении получила гораздо меньше внимания, особенно среди западных ученых. Стоит отметить, что Виктор Мартынов (1963) предложил 40 заимствований и проникновений из праславянского языка в прагерманский. Среди них девять, которые считаются заимствованиями в противоположном направлении в новейшей монографии по теме авторства Саскии Пронк-Титхофф (2013). Все они включены в составленный ей список вероятных германских заимствований в праславянском языке. Цель настоящей статьи – обзор и сопоставление взглядов лингвистов на этимологию этих слов (*bljudo, *kupiti, *lěkъ, *lugъ, *lukъ, *plugъ, *pъlkъ, *skotъ, *tynъ). Авторы учитывают анализы, проведенные не только Саскией Пронк-Титхофф и Виктором Мартыновым, но и Валентином Кипарским (1934) и Збигневом Голомбом (1992). Делается попытка определить, какие из девяти слов на самом деле можно с уверенностью считать заимствованиями из германских языков в праславянский, а также какие слова могли быть заимствованы в противоположном направлении.
11
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Chřiby a Brdo - toponymická bilingva?

51%
Blažek V.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 1
20-28
EN
The present contribution analyses the terms chřib and brdo in their appellative and proprial roles in the space where Slavic languages were and are used, and evaluates their semantic relations. It is possible to conclude that one term is a calque of the other. It leads to a new etymological solution for the word chřib: an adaptation of the West Germanic term *xrīƀōn ‘rake’.
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Die Ausbildung der Artikelfunktion im Gotischen aus der Sicht der Theorien des kontaktbedingten Sprachwandels

51%
Kotin M.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2019
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vol. 75
59-72
EN
The paper deals with selected aspects of the influence of language contacts on language change in the area of grammatical categories in a written language. The author analyses the development of the category of definiteness in Gothic on the basis of a systemic comparison of original Greek and translated Gothic biblical texts. The claim is that internal tendencies in a grammatical change play a decisive part, whereas language contacts are only secondary triggers in this process. Against the so-called “anything goes”-hypothesis, it is shown that an externally-influenced grammatical change can take place only on condition that the inherent system of the language in contact licences it and, moreover, if the change corresponds to similar processes in the recipient language. Furthermore, the influence of a donor language never covers the totality of grammatical forms and their functions in the recipient language, thus the effects of the contact in question are always only partial. Language contacts can, thus, essentially accelerate genuine tendencies in the development of a new grammatical category, but their true origins are always located within the native grammatical system.
PL
W artykule rozpatrywane są wybrane aspekty wpływów kontaktów językowych na zmiany zachodzące w zakresie kategorii gramatycznych w rodzimym systemie języka pisanego. Na podstawie systemowego porównania oryginalnych greckich i przetłumaczonych gockich tekstów biblijnych badany jest rozwój kategorii określoności w języku gockim. Założeniem przewodnim jest teza, że tendencje wewnętrzne odgrywają kluczową rolę w przemianach gramatycznych, gdyż kontakty językowe są wtórnymi czynnikami w tymże procesie. W przeciwieństwie do hipotezy, że kontakt językowy może warunkować dowolne zmiany w rodzimych systemach gramatycznych, analiza dowodzi, iż zewnętrznie uwarunkowane zmiany gramatyczne mogą zajść wyłącznie pod warunkiem ich dopuszczalności poprzez autochtoniczną gramatykę języka znajdującego się pod wpływem języka obcego. Ponadto same zmiany nie stanowią automatycznego przejęcia form gramatycznych i ich funkcji od języka napływowego, lecz tylko częściowo pokrywają się z nimi. Kontakt językowy może więc znacznie przyśpieszyć tendencje w powstaniu nowej kategorii gramatycznej, ale ich prawdziwe źródło zawsze powinno znajdować się wewnątrz systemu rodzimego.
13
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Slov. *ǫb(ъ)lъ

32%
Blažek V.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
|
2022
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issue LXXI
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