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1

Attila the Hun and the Failure of the Divide et impera Roman Policy

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Mestek O.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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2022

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issue 1

43-62

EN

Throughout the whole existence of their Empire, the Romans used the divide et impera polity against the European barbarians. The Romans tried to prevent the establishment of larger and more powerful political entities which could endanger them. Simultaneously, they supported rivalry amongst the tribal chieftains and provided the friendly ones with gold and goods. The arrival of the Huns into Europe did not initially bring any change to this international system. Since the 420s the Huns unified their own tribe and created close alliances with other tribes in Middle and Eastern Europe. This alliance had at last the military power to clash with the Romans and disrupt Roman international order across Europe. Because the Hunnic military power was not sufficient, their state was more of a tribal confederacy than a hierarchical and tightly controlled empire. The Hunnic Empire was also a short-termed affair limited to Attila’s life.

2

Wieszczka w świecie starożytnych Germanów. Studium porównawcze

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Janiszewska-Sieńko D.

Studia Podlaskie

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2019

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vol. 27

7-23

EN

This article is an attempt at presenting the function of the Germanic seeress in the context of similar positions among other ancient societies, including Roman and Old Norse sources, both written and archeological. The main objective of the study is to situate the seeress in a broader cultural context and an attempt to answer the question if the Roman sources on the subject are precise and credible.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą zaprezentowania funkcji germańskiej wieszczki na tle podobnych stanowisk wśród innych społeczeństw antycznych z uwzględnieniem źródeł rzymskich i staronordyckich, pisanych i archeologicznych. Głównym celem tego studium jest usytuowanie wieszczki w szerszym kontekście kulturowym i próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy źródła rzymskie na ten temat są precyzyjne i wiarygodne.

3

Konwersja na chrześcijaństwo plemion germańskich od IV do IX w.

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Kasprzak D.

Roczniki Historii Kościoła

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2010

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vol. 2

19-55

EN

The process of assuming Christianity by those Germanic tribes that entered the western part of the Roman Empire began in the second half of the second century and lasted until the ninth. Their conversion to Christianity occurred in two stages. First, those peoples followed the Aryan kind of Christianity and later the Catholic one. The early missionaries to Germanic peoples were Christians who had been captured in Asia Minor. However, the most important Germanic mission emerged from the Germanic peoples themselves, i.e. from the Visigoths, who instilled Aryanism into their kinsfolk. During the fifth century, as Germanic tribes were settled within the Empire, they were romanized and eventually converted to Roman Catholicism. The Franks were the first numerous Germanic tribe to be converted to Catholicism from their native tribal religion in 498. Since then they began “frankisation” and conversion to Catholicism of the tribes they captured. The Catholic Church, deeply attached to the idea of Romanitas, was not interested in the conversion of Germanic tribes to Catholicism any more. Only after Gregory the Great (540-604) was elected Pope, a Catholic Benedictine mission was established among the Anglo-Saxon tribes. Parallel to that a mission of Irish monks came into being. The formal conversion of the Germanic tribes who entered Imperium Romanum Pars Occident to Catholicism resulted from the monastic activity on the one hand and the Church-State model of evangelization on the other.

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1 Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

1 Roczniki Historii Kościoła

1 Studia Podlaskie

1 Janiszewska-Sieńko D.

1 Kasprzak D.

1 Mestek O.

1 2022

1 2019

1 2010

Attila the Hun and the Failure of the Divide et impera Roman Policy

Wieszczka w świecie starożytnych Germanów. Studium porównawcze

Konwersja na chrześcijaństwo plemion germańskich od IV do IX w.