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PL
The image of Gypsies in Polish collections of iconographic materials (19th century – first half of the 20th century) – reconnaissanceAt least since the Middle Ages the people of Europe have shared their space with the nomadic Gypsy people. Its long, often troublesome neighborhood resulted in the formation of two parallel, though different, stereotypical images of the Roma in European culture. In one of them one, they are portrayed negatively, as the personification of all the pejorative and demonic qualities. Two words describing Roma Stereotypes in this language context are as follows: dangerous vagrants, thieves, criminals, living without any moral rules. Under the influence of romantic ideas in European culture a different picture of the Gypsies began to take shape. According to this ideal, they were considered to be free people, living itinerant lives and in harmony with nature, free from hard work, colorful, cheerful, independent and artistic. In this paper we would like to present how the ideas existing in the nineteenth-and twentieth century culture reflected in the iconography of Roma. On the basis of Polish collections we will show the most important themes and motifs associated with the iconography and mythology of this minority. At the same time, we will try to show to what extent the European images coincided with the real culture and tradition of the Gypsies. In the analysis we will use both engravings, woodcuts, paintings, graphics press and photographs found in public collections in Tarnow, Sejny or Krakow, as well as in various private collections.
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PL
Współczesne postrzeganie różnych typów flamenco jest znacząco zróżnicowane. Ta rozbieżność widoczna jest wśród miłośników flamenco, wykonawców i w postawach akademickich. Autorka analizuje niektóre z różnic, które powtarzają się w dyskusjach naukowych dotyczących flamenco. Rozważa rolę omawianego gatunku w debatach etnicznych i jego miejsce w kulturze hiszpańskiej. Zwraca również uwagę na antagonizm między tradycyjnym i współczesnym lub „czystym” i komercyjnym pokazem flamenco. Dyskusje te są częścią – jak wyjaśnia to choreografka Michelle Heffner Hayes (2009: 4) – „sprzecznych narracji o historii flamenco” i przyczyniają się do złożonego i wieloaspektowego obrazu tej formy sztuki.
EN
Contemporary vantage points on various types of flamenco differ vastly. This disparity is visible among flamenco aficionados, performers and while analyzing academic attitudes. The paper explores some of the recurring discrepancies in the scholarly flamenco disputes. It dwellson the role of the discussed genre in ethnic debates and its place in Spanish culture. The article also looks at the antagonism between traditional and contemporary or “pure” and commercial display of flamenco. These discussions are part of – as a dance scholar Michelle Heffner Hayes (2009: 4) phrases it – “conflicting narratives of flamenco’s history” and contribute to a complex and multifaceted image of this art form.
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