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O potrzebie znawstwa ciesielskiego rzemiosła w badaniu zabytkowych budowli murowanych

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Jankowski A.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

2011

vol. 59

issue 2

149-166

Traces of outstanding carpentry skills in historic buildings have been of marginal interest for art historians. But in fact wooden elements are often important parts of brick structures and influence their artistic value. The roof, with the wooden structure that shapes it, creates the architectonic form of the building. Various kinds of roof framing determine the quality of architectural space and the aesthetics of the interiors. Roof framing reveals a lot about the architectural transformations of the building, whose proper interpretation crucially depends on the dating and historical stratification of the elements of the construction. A highly useful method in this respect is dendrochronology, which can determine the age of wooden elements even within an accuracy of one year. The conclusions from dendrochronological dating, however, have to take into consideration the whole construction of the building. This, in turn, requires a good knowledge of old carpentry and of the history of architecture. The knowledge of the working methods, carpentry solutions and tools, as well as of old building rules helps to establish whether the structure under scrutiny is the original or a re-worked roof framing. The original framing can date the whole building, a re-worked framing is a crucial clue in its chronology. A reconstruction of the history of an old building can also be facilitated by the analysis of the way the tie-beam is set, the relationship between the outermost trusses and the brick gables and the traces of treatment on the wooden elements of the structure. Valuable data can be obtained from carpentry joints, assembly marks, trade marks and floating marks on wood. Carpentry joints in old buildings were usually made without nails. Nails were sometimes used in joining elements of secondary importance, which could not be accurately measured and shaped before the trial assembly of the framing. Joints that are not typical of the given construction, the presence of nails and other metal elements call for an explanation. All the disruptions in the numbering marks indicate that the framing must have been disassembled or supplemented. Trade marks and floating marks help in verifying dendrochronological dating. A thorough analysis of the wooden structures in monumental buildings is indispensable in the history of art. It guarantees the factual completeness of research that conditions its progress.

Stolarka okienna zabytkowych budynków z przełomu XIX i XX wieku Olsztyna i małych miast Warmii i Mazur – zarys typologii i kolorystyka

100%

Doleżyńska-Sewerniak E.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

2012

vol. 60

issue 1

89-119

The article presents the results of several years of studies of types and colours of historic building windows in Olsztyn area and small Warmia and Masuria towns, carried out by the author of this publication between 2007 and 2011. The reason for undertaking the studies are extensive repairs and building works, resulting in removal of often damaged and unusable historic windows, as well as loss of the authentic appearance of historic buildings, where the joinery was often the only decorative form. The analysis of joinery types showed that the windows used in the area were characteristic of a specific period. The most common are double casement windows, as well as standard casement windows used in staircases and hallways, whereas dual windows are rare and usually preserved in small tenements. In most windows, the joinery includes vertical mullions, horizontal transom bars and infill bars, dividing windows into smaller lights. The style and division of the windows depends on the architectural style of a building. Window colour schemes were usually intense, with the most common colours including green, brown, grey, ecru, beige, blue, violet, yellow, greyish green and white. The colour is usually different on the outside and on the inside, with lighter tones prevailing on the inside. Window paint composition studies showed that the paints contain pigments characteristic of the period. The analysis of typology and colour schemes of joinery of historic buildings also provides information on fashion and trends popular in the area. The inventory studies of joinery and paintwork stratigraphy are the basis for reconstruction and recreation of damaged or removed historic joinery.

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2 Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

1 Doleżyńska-Sewerniak E.

1 Jankowski A.

1 2012

1 2011

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O potrzebie znawstwa ciesielskiego rzemiosła w badaniu zabytkowych budowli murowanych

Stolarka okienna zabytkowych budynków z przełomu XIX i XX wieku Olsztyna i małych miast Warmii i Mazur – zarys typologii i kolorystyka