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Western (civic) versus Eastern (ethnic) Nationalism. The Origins and Critique of the Dichotomy

100%
Jaskułowski K.
Polish Sociological Review
|
2010
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vol. 171
|
issue 3
289-304
EN
The author focuses on Hans Kohn (1891–1971) who is generally regarded as the founding father of modern Anglophone academic research on nationalism. He was first to adopt a more neutral stance toward nationalism, one that made sustained attempt at dispassionate analysis of the phenomenon in order to define, classify and explain it. However, not only did he bring in a innovative and novel perspective to the subject by producing broad comparative studies but he was responsible for introducing one of the basic and long-lasting themes to the study of nationalism, namely a strongly moralistic distinction between a good nationalism, which he associated with the West, and a bad nationalism allegedly typical for the non-Western world. The paper discusses three questions: first, how did Kohn conceptualize the differences between the two types of nationalism? Second, how and why did he come to his conclusions and, finally, if it can be argued as many authors claim, that his discrimination between the two types of nationalism are valid and useful?
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„Rasa” a nacjonalizm. W stronę „urasowienia” narodu

94%
Małczyński P.
Tematy z Szewskiej
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2014
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issue Rasa 3(13)/2014
23-36
PL
Popularne ujęcia nacjonalizmu ograniczają go do ksenofobii, co wpływa na obraz jego związków z „rasą”. Tymczasem przyjęcie szerszego rozumienia nacjonalizmu pozwala na głębszą analizę relacji między narodem a „rasą”. Szersza antropologiczna perspektywa umożliwia interpretację zjawiska „urasowienia” narodu – specyficznej esencjalizacji, która nawiązuje do natury i/lub kultury. Ujmowanie narodu w kategoriach biologicznych – często w formie więzi pokrewieństwa – pojawia się zarówno w nacjonalistycznej retoryce, jak i w dyskursach naukowych z nurtu prymordialistycznego (np. socjobiologicznym). Nawiązania do (metaforyki) wspólnego pochodzenia stanowią istotny komponent etnonacjonalizmów. Jednak niewłaściwe wydaje się kontrastowanie „rasistowskiego” nacjonalizmu etnicznego i „otwartego” nacjonalizmu obywatelskiego. Ślepe zawierzenie dychotomii autorstwa Hansa Kohna powoduje bowiem przeoczenie przypadków, w których nacjonalizm zachodni wiąże się z rasizmem kulturowym.
EN
Popular understandings of nationalism confine it to xenophobia which affects nationalism’s relation to the “race”. Meanwhile, the acceptance of a broader understanding of nationalism facilitates a deeper analysis of the race–nationalism relations. A wider anthropological perspective enables the interpretation of the phenomenon of nation’s “racialization” – a specific type of esentialization which refers to nature and/or culture. Perceiving a nation in biological terms – often in the form of kinship bonds – exists in both the nationalist rhetoric and the scientific discourses of the primordialistic (for instance, socio-biological) field of study. References to (the metaphoric) common ancestry constitute an important component of ethno-nationalisms. However, the contrasting of the “racist” nationalism and “open” social nationalism seems inappropriate. A blind reliance on Hans Kohn’s dichotomy causes an oversight of the cases in which western nationalism ties with cultural racism.
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