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1

Czy w niebie będzie „wieczny odpoczynek”?

100%

Nowacki W.

Studia Elbląskie

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2013

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vol. 14

241-252

EN

Topics of leisure and rest usually concern temporality. It is on this earth that man works and rests. However, the meaning of human life cannot be confined to this life only. Especially if his life on earth is filled with work and effort beyond measure, and while it lacks happy moments of respite – this raises an expectation that finally he will rest after death. Yet this is not a prevailing attitude, even among believers. Eschatology, the study of last things, does not seem extremely appealing. We expect our desires to be fulfilled immediately. Moreover, in contrast to the earthly forms of relaxation and leisure activities – extraterrestrial future appears quite an uncertain and vague reality. Also the Christian faith in the resurrection – which is a central content of Christian hope – is sometimes questioned or abandoned in favor of others, such as the Eastern theories of reincarnation. Some difficulty is also created by a common understanding of „eternal rest” in Heaven, perceived as an unattractive reality, usually associated with a kind of pious procession. The biblical symbolism of the final destiny of man is not always clear and understandable to a modern man. It speaks to us in ambiguous images of feasts, weddings, Heaven, paradise or a new city. Besides, we associate rest with a certain passivity, or at least certain distance from strenuous activities and compulsory duties. Temporal rest is interim, it separates out periods of work – the main activity of our lives. Eternal rest could therefore be seen as an ongoing „sweet doing nothing” – however, in the long term, this situation does not seem attractive. Our eternal rest shall not be perceived as continuous time, with no limits. It is a reality going beyond time. Eternal life should be understood as freedom from any kind of restrictions. When a man is admitted to the eternity of God, his limitations disappear and he receives life to the full. According to the classical definition of Boethius (†524), „eternity is the complete and perfect possession of unlimited life.” Eternity is not defined as the time extending indefinitely, but as living life to the fullest – with no risk or danger. Eternal rest from the Christian perspective is a growing and boundlessly intensifying dynamism. Its source is rooted primarily in a meeting with the infinite God, whose inexhaustible mysteries more and more reveal their unfailing depth that we are unable to reach the end of. This is “rest in love”, in its most sublime and noble meaning. It comprises also meetings with other people – in love that reveals still new aspects of myself and others. Eternal rest is the joy of interpersonal relationships, ultimately freed from anything that burdened them in the earthy life, it is the dynamism of a perfect community. Besides, this rest is associated with the continuous discovery of new opportunities for self-development, new opportunities for self-realization. If the experience of a close, personal relationship with God and the orderly and harmonious relationships with others in the temporal are the source of happiness and they determine the true value of rest – you can reasonably expect that the best forms of temporal rest compared to the eternal one can only be a modest appetizer before the main course. Pope John Paul II described the essence of eternal happiness in the following words: „For the believer, Heaven is not something abstract, a metaphor, an unrealized object of his desire or a physical place, but this is a living and personal relationship with God in the Holy Trinity: the encounter with the Father, through Christ, in the Holy Spirit. Jesus has already opened the gates of Heaven by his death and resurrection. Thus we are destined for eternal happiness with God”.

2

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy: Can linguistic and semiotic analysis clarify their contrasts?

75%

Sullivan W. J., Tsiang S.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2017

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vol. 3

187-194

EN

The western and eastern branches of Christianity, broadly speaking Roman Catholicism (RC) and Eastern Orthodoxy (EO), have been formally separate for almost a millennium. Yet they share the fundamental dogmas laid down by the first ecumenical councils. History and politics are entwined in the disputes since the Great Schism of 1054, but even earlier there was controversy over basic dogmatic questions and other doctrinal matters. Some, like using leavened or unleavened bread for Consecration, are now considered “matters of custom,” not requiring argument. Other matters are said to block reunification. One of these is Purgatory, for which EO does not even have a term, making a direct comparison difficult. We begin our analysis with the RC teachings on Purgatory, its locus, characteristics, and functions, and provide a simple relational network that shows Purgatory in relation to the afterlife, in particular to Heaven and Hell. With EO we begin with the teachings about life after death and provide a first approximation of Heaven and Hell and their relation to Paradise and Hades, both in characteristics and functions. Again, a simple relational network is enlightening. A surface comparison between the two networks distinguishes between those beliefs about the afterlife that are shared between RC and EO and those parts which house differences. It is these differences that must be subject to careful semiotic analysis to discover whether they are etic and possibly serious but not grounds for mutual excommunication or emic and a true barrier to reunification. We leave the possibly lengthy semiotic analysis for a subsequent study.

3

Czy wystarczy być dobrym człowiekiem, żeby dostać się do nieba? Przyczynek do eschatologii praktycznej

71%

Kulik B.

Teologia Praktyczna

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2019

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issue 20

53-68

EN

Accord ing to the diagnosis posed by Pope Francis, interest in eschatology, on both the academic and pastoral level, is going through a crisis. The Holy Father expressed his opinion on the occasion of the 23rd public session of the Pontifi cal Academies that took place on 4 December 2018 in the Vatican. The leading theme was: „Eternity, the other face of life”. However, it can be noted that there are some problems regarding the relationship of temporal and eternal life, which still bother modern man and incline him to pose questions about his fate after death. The article is an attempt to answer one of these questions: is it enough to be a good man to get to Heaven? Considerations in this article focus on the purposes of practical eschatology. This means that through the theological refl ection on the concepts of „a good man” and „to get to heaven” the article aims at off ering the right answers, as well as formulating practical conclusions to shape the proper attitude towards life and eternity.

PL

Według diagnozy postawionej przez papieża Franciszka, zainteresowanie eschatologią na poziomie akademickim i duszpasterskim przeżywa kryzys. Ojciec Święty wyraził swoja opinię przy okazji XXIII wspólnego posiedzenia członków Akademii Papieskich zgromadzonych 4 grudnia 2018 roku w Watykanie, które odbyło się pod hasłem: „Wieczność, inne oblicze życia”. Jednakże można zauważyć, że pewne problemy dotyczące związku życia doczesnego i wiecznego wciąż nurtują współczesnego człowieka i skłaniają do stawiania pytań o jego los po śmierci. Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na jedno z takich pytań: „Czy wystarczy być dobrym człowiekiem, żeby dostać się do nieba?”. Prezentowane rozważania mają na celu stać się przyczynkiem do eschatologii praktycznej. Oznacza to, że poprzez teologiczną refl eksję nad treścią pojęć: „dobry człowiek” i „dostać się do nieba” pragnie się doprowadzić do sformułowania odpowiedzi i wskazania praktycznych wniosków kształtujących właściwe postawy wobec życia i wieczności.

4

Głos z nieba w J 12, 28 – jego percepcja i wymowa teologiczna w świetle Biblii

51%

Nowińska J.

Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny

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2015

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vol. 68

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issue 1

EN

The heaven is always mentioned with reference to God in the Bible. Several times biblical authors of the Greek text use the term ἡ φωνὴ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ to describe one of the way God’s activity. There are also various receptions of that and different human reactions – from admire to misunderstanding. John 12 : 28ff is one of such texts – more like a summary of a few points of view. Through the contextual analyze appear the love between God and Son and invitation for everybody to participate in that mystery – mystery of salvation.

PL

W Biblii niebo jest zawsze wspominane w odniesieniu do Boga. Wiele razy autorzy biblijni greckiego tekstu używają słów ἡ φωνὴ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, aby opisać jeden ze sposobów działania Boga. Istnieją różne recepcje tego wyrażenia i rozmaite ludzkie reakcje – od podziwu do nieporozumienia. J 12, 28nn jest jednym z takich tekstów, więcej – jest on jakby streszczeniem różnych punktów widzenia. Poprzez analizę kontekstualną ukazuje się miłość pomiędzy Bogiem i Synem oraz zaproszenie dla każdego do uczestnictwa w tym misterium – misterium zbawienia.

5

Angelologia papieża Szenudy III

51%

Lipniak J. M.

Studia Oecumenica

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2016

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vol. 16

167-185

EN

The truth about existing angels is dogma of faith. Existing of spiritual beings that are called angels by us is truth which is testified both by the Holy Scripture and unanimity of tradition. Angelology of the pope Shenouda III shows richness of the theologian’s thoughts and points to the high level of theological reflection on angelic world in the Coptic Orthodox Church. Numerous works of the Custodian of the tomb of St. Mark show an intensive interest in teaching on the angels and broad point of view on analysed issue. The Coptic pope his views on the angelic world built upon the Holy Scripture and tradition. He does it however without taking into consideration exegetical achievements what is critical remark. The angelology of the pope Shenouda III is an original work and in main points is identified with the Catholic theology. Shenouda III has avoided of the mistakes made by theologians dealing with angelology and connected the angelic world with the Christ. Regrettably, he made it too gently.

PL

Prawda o istnieniu aniołów jest dogmatem wiary. Istnienie istot duchowych, które nazywamy aniołami, jest prawdą, o której świadectwo daje zarówno Pismo Święte, jak i Tradycja. Angelologia Szenudy III ukazuje bogactwo myśli egipskiego teologa oraz wskazuje na wysoki poziom teologicznej refleksji o świecie anielskim w Ortodoksyjnym Kościele Koptyjskim. Liczne dzieła koptyjskiego Papieża ukazują zainteresowanie nauką o aniołach oraz szerokie spojrzenie na analizowany temat. Koptyjski papież swoje poglądy dotyczące świata anielskiego opiera na Piśmie Świętym i Tradycji. Angelologia Szenudy III jest dziełem oryginalnym i w głównych punktach tożsamym z teologią katolicką. Kustosz relikwii św. Marka przekonująco usystematyzował refleksję nad teologicznymi podstawami angelologii. W sposób jasny i przystępnym językiem dokonał refleksji nad tajemnicą bytów anielskich. W efekcie mamy do czynienia z oryginalną i ciekawą refleksją nad nauką o aniołach. Szenuda III uniknął częstego błędu popełnianego przez teologów zajmujących się angelologią i powiązał świat anielski z Chrystusem. Niestety uczynił to zbyt delikatnie.

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Czy w niebie będzie „wieczny odpoczynek”?

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy: Can linguistic and semiotic analysis clarify their contrasts?

Czy wystarczy być dobrym człowiekiem, żeby dostać się do nieba? Przyczynek do eschatologii praktycznej

Głos z nieba w J 12, 28 – jego percepcja i wymowa teologiczna w świetle Biblii

Angelologia papieża Szenudy III