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PL
Feigned madness is a motif that – with varying frequency – returns in literary texts. It is usually a carrier of important metaphors, such as: search for truth, escape from reality or conscious rejection of routine. Moreover, it seems to have an exceptional interpretative potential in dramas as it also symbolises a performative treatment of existence and an awareness of fiction which directs the poetics of the drama towards the meta-theatre. The author of this article considers these issues in relation to the titular characters of two dramatic masterpieces of world literature: Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Henry IV by Luigi Pirandello. Both characters, for various reasons, decide to hide their true psychological condition under the image of a madman, which, interestingly, confirms their sophistication and intellect. Putting on the mask of a madman guarantees the privilege of unpunished violation of conventions and established orders, hated by individuals such as Hamlet or Henry IV. This rebellion and emancipation lead to the final defeat of these characters, who, however, dominate over the others, since, unlike other actors who dispassionately play roles that have been imposed to them, they choose their roles, and – most importantly – they are aware that they are playing.
Pamiętnik Teatralny
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2018
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vol. 67
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issue 4
113-129
EN
The article discusses the use of Henry IV’s legend in the shaping of the image of King Stanisław August. In the first part of the article, the author explores the way the memory of “Good King Henry” functioned and manifested itself in the French plays of the 18th century. The Enlightenment legend in France portrayed him as an effective and tolerant ruler who bought peace to the country afflicted with religious wars and founded his rule on trust and working towards the wealth of the nation. The motif of Henry IV constantly attracted the interest of French writers, especially since the publication La Henriade, an epic poem by Voltaire, in the 1720s. The second part of the article explores the attempts to style Stanisław August as the “Polish King Henry IV,” the name first accorded to him by Marie Thérèse Geoffrin upon his election. The author has taken into account any elements or features of Stanisław August’s public image that could carry references to Henry IV, such as the robes that Stanisław August for public celebrations in Warsaw on the day of his coronation (represented in the official portrait of the king in the coronation robes painted by Marcello Bacciarelli), or the portrait by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun painted after his abdication and the third partitioning of Poland. Additionally, the article enumerates the works of art and books from the royal collection that portray the first French king of the House of Bourbon. Parallels drawn between Stanisław August and Henry IV that appear in the poetry, anecdotes, and parliamentary speeches of the period indicate that the comparison took root in the social consciousness in Poland, but due to the political circumstances and the collapsing Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it could not be fully exploited, because it provoked derision.
PL
Artykuł omawia wykorzystanie legendy Henryka IV w kształtowaniu wizerunku Stanisława Augusta. W pierwszej części artykułu autor, poprzez prześledzenie XVIII-wiecznych utworów scenicznych we Francji, pokazuje funkcjonowanie pamięci o „dobrym królu Henryku” w epoce Oświecenia. Legenda przedstawiała go jako skutecznego i tolerancyjnego władcę, który zaprowadził pokój w kraju targanym wojnami religijnymi i oparł swoje rządy na zaufaniu i dobrobycie społeczeństwa. Motyw Henryka IV budził stałe zainteresowanie francuskich literatów, szczególnie od momentu opublikowania w latach 20. XVIII w. poematu Woltera Henriada. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawione zostały próby Stanisława Augusta kreowania się na „polskiego Henryka IV” (tym tytułem już w momencie elekcji okrzyknęła go Maria Teresa Geoffrin). Prześledzone zostały wizerunki monarchy, w których możemy doszukiwać się odniesień do postaci Henryka IV: od stroju, w którym Stanisława August pokazał się społeczeństwu Warszawy w dniu koronacji (przedstawionym na oficjalnym wizerunku króla – Portrecie w stroju koronacyjnym Marcella Bacciarellego) do portretu pędzla Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun z czasów po abdykacji i III rozbiorze Rzeczypospolitej. W artykule zebrano także dzieła sztuki i książki z królewskiej kolekcji przedstawiające pierwszego Burbona. Porównania Stanisława Augusta z Henrykiem pojawiające się w poezji, anegdotach i mowach sejmowych tego okresu pokazują, że zestawienie to funkcjonowało w świadomości społecznej, jednak ze względu na realia polityczne upadającego państwa polsko-litewskiego nie mogło być mocno eksploatowane bez narażenia się na śmieszność.
PL
Konwersja Henryka IV w 1593 r. wywołała w społeczeństwie francuskim żywą debatę. W pamflecie z 1594 zatytułowanym Uczta u hrabiego d’Arète, Louis Dorléans powraca obsesyjnie do kwestii nieprzeniknionej świadomości ludzkiej. Nawołuje do wiwisekcji królewskiego umysłu, która pozwoli znaleźć ślady herezji: „zbadajmy jego wklęsłości aż do najgłębszych myśli”. Odpychające szczegóły anatomiczne obrazują „zepsutą świadomość” króla, aby wzbudzić odrazę czytelnika. Artykuł analizuje użycie hypotypozy w tekście polemicznym Louisa Dorléans. Ekfrastyczny opis umysłu świadczy o zainteresowaniu kwestią transformacji duchowej, emocjonalnej i mentalnej w końcowym okresie wojen religijnych. Wykorzystanie hypotypozy kieruje też uwagę  na jedną z aporii perswazji, mianowicie jej autentyczność. Z retorycznego punktu widzenia, przemiana wewnętrzna pozostaje tajemnicą. Jak stwierdzić zwycięstwo retora i prawdziwość zmiany, która się dokonała?
EN
The conversion of Henry of Navarre in 1593 provoked a great debate in the French society. In The Banquet of Comte d’Arète (1594), Louis Dorléans focuses obsessively on the impenetrability of the human mind. He calls for a dissection of king’s consciousness in order to find traces of heresy : “let’s examine its concavities up to his deepest thoughts”. Monstrous anatomical details represent a “bad consciousness” of the king to arouse the disgust of the reader. The aim of this article is to analyse the practice of hypotyposis in this polemical text. The ekphrastic description of the human mind proves how vital the question of spiritual, emotional and mental transformation was at the time of religious wars. The use of hypotyposis illustrates as well one of the aporias of persuasion, namely the problem of authenticity. From rhetorical point of view, internal metamorphosis remains a mystery. How indeed one may judge the victory of the orator and decide about the sincerity of the change that has occurred?
EN
one of the most interesting objects of analysis, either from the formal point of view or from the perspective of the attempts to justify the choice to play them. The scope of the present article is an analysis of the reception of two dramas by Pirandello played during the PRL period in Cracow: Henry IV and As You Desire Me, both of them played in the Stary Teatr in Cracow. By investigating opinions of the critics’ reaction to the plays and artistic biographies of their directors, the author attempts to find a connection between the meanings of Pirandello’s texts and the socio-political context of Poland in the Communist era.
Świat i Słowo
|
2020
|
vol. 35
|
issue 2
195-212
EN
Feigned madness is a motif that – with varying frequency – returns in literary texts. It is usually a carrier of important metaphors, such as: search for truth, escape from reality or conscious rejection of routine. Moreover, it seems to have an exceptional interpretative potential in dramas as it also symbolises a performative treatment of existence and an awareness of fiction which directs the poetics of the drama towards the meta-theatre. The author of this article considers these issues in relation to the titular characters of two dramatic masterpieces of world literature: Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Henry IV by Luigi Pirandello. Both characters, for various reasons, decide to hide their true psychological condition under the image of a madman, which, interestingly, confirms their sophistication and intellect. Putting on the mask of a madman guarantees the privilege of unpunished violation of conventions and established orders, hated by individuals such as Hamlet or Henry IV. This rebellion and emancipation lead to the final defeat of these characters, who, however, dominate over the others, since, unlike other actors who dispassionately play roles that have been imposed on them, they choose their roles, and – most importantly – they are aware that they are playing.
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