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1
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Evidentiality, Inferentiality and Mirativity in the Modern Hindi

100%
Sigorskiy A.
Lingua Posnaniensis
|
2010
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vol. 52
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issue 1
71-80
EN
The questions of Evidentiality, Inferentiality and Mirativity in Hindi have not been thoroughly investigated so far. So the proposed description in no way can be exhaustive, and the results obtained are just preliminary. The approach adopted is functional, directed from function towards the modes of expression, because these categories in Hindi are rather semantic and functional, than structural and grammatical.The results indicate that all the three domains are semantically close to each other. All of them denote a source of new information, but formally they are very different. Three kinds of Evidentiality - reported evidentials, inferred evidentials and miratives - represent a semantic field with fuzzy structure. The only grammaticalized types of evidentials are inferred evidentials marked by moods. All evidentials are combined with different modal meanings.Some comparisons with other Indo-Aryan languages are made.
2
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Radźasthani – początki języka i literatury

70%
Turek A.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2019
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issue 2 (270)
157-170
EN
The paper presents a general introduction of Rajasthani – the language used in North-Western India – the development of the language and the beginnings of Rajasthani literature. It also draws attention to the complexity of linguistic nomenclature used for Rajasthani and to its relation with other North Indian languages, with a special regard to Hindi. The rise of literary tradition in the vernacular of North-Western India and its connection with the history of Hindi literature is analysed. Rajasthani is considered to be the first vernacular of North India in which literature has evolved, and hence predates the oldest works from the region known as Hindi belt by at least two hundred years. Rajasthani and Gujarati used to have one linguistic form, which only split into two languages after the 15th century whereby Rajasthani adopted its modern form, still used today, and Gujarati developed independently. The claims of some scholars that the initial literary period of North-Western India – i.e. until the 15th century – be included in the history of Hindi literature are also presented in the paper.
3
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Rozhľady. Konštituovanie Hindčiny Ako Úradného Jazyka Indie

61%
Nagy P.
Jazykovedný Casopis
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2015
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vol. 65
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issue 2
157-169
EN
The article deals with the Hindi language and its use as a language for official purposes from the late Middle Ages until its implementation in the Constitution of India in the year 1949. It reveals various ideas for promoting Hindi as a national (official) language of India. The main focus is on the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi on Hindi as the lingua franca of India and its role in the replacement of English. Further it describes the process and struggle of its implementation as the official language in the Constituent Assembly of India and concludes with the compromise made by this Assembly.
4

Interscript comparison of handwriting features leading to their identification and authorship

61%
Kaur A., Singh M., Jasuja O. P.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
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vol. 45
15-36
EN
Identification of handwriting found on the disputed document by comparison with the known handwriting samples of the suspect still comprise the problem which is most com­monly referred to a forensic document examiner. One of the important scientifically estab­lished principles which govern such analysis and identification is the ‘Principle of Compari­son’ which explicitly states that, for obtaining correct results, like has to be compared with like; meaning thereby that the expert has to analyze and rely upon similar letters and com­binations between the questioned and the standard handwriting samples and, consequently, the problems where similar handwriting samples in the same script have not been provided for comparison; usually fall outside the scope of forensic document examination. However, in this field, like any other human activity; perfect and ideal conditions are hard to achieve. Handwriting, being acquired skill and neuro-muscular controlled motor activity, its basic elements like the horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, loops, curves and arches etc., are combined together to form letters and alphabets of all the scripts. The question then arises — whether inter-script comparison of handwriting samples can be attempted lead­ing to some limited or qualified conclusions. Thus, if it becomes possible and practicable to examine and compare the basic elements of questioned handwriting in one script, say Devanagri with the similar elements found in specimen/ admitted handwriting samples in another script by the same writer, say Gurmukhi, (because sample handwritings in Devanagri could not be procured for whatsoever reasons); the scope of examination can be widened further and expert may be in a position to express some opinion (regarding their common authorship or otherwise), which may be found worthwhile to the investigat­ing agency or the court of law, thereby helping in the administration of justice ultimately. To the best of our knowledge, not much research is available, where writings produced in different scripts by the same writer could be compared, thereby leading to a definite opin­ion on the issue of their common authorship or otherwise. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore this issue by taking writing samples of the same writer in three scripts, having knowledge of all the three commonly used languages, i.e., English, Hindi, and Punjabi, corresponding to the said scripts (i.e., Roman, Devanagari and Gurumukhi). Three hundred sixty (360) writing samples were obtained from as many as (40) individuals appropriately skilled in writing, reading and speaking these languages/ scripts. Careful study and evaluation of the basic elements of written strokes whose execu­tion were found to be similar in all the three scripts has been carried out indicating the possibility of ‘Script Independent Comparison’. Limitations of the proposed study have also been discussed in the paper.
5
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Some Remarks on the Perso-Arabic Nominal Lexica in Bollywood Movie Song Lyrics

61%
Gacek T.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2023
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issue 36
39-67
EN
The Indian film industry releases thousands of movies every year, with those in the Hindi language forming a significant part of that number. These movies, and the songs used in them, have been the object of research within the scope of various scientific disciplines, including linguistics. The author of the present paper, however, believes that there are still numerous language phenomena to study within the lyrics of the Bollywood songs. The present text is dedicated to research of the Perso-Arabic lexica in these songs over the period of 80 years (1940–2020). It also analyses the frequency of the Perso-Arabic forms as opposed to native Indo-Aryan ones. Particular attention is paid to the forms of the highest frequency, especially the Persian word dil.
6

History of a Polyglossic Literary Culture. On the Decline of the History of Hindi Literature

51%
Borek P.
Cracow Indological Studies
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2013
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vol. 15: Text History and Society as Depicted in Indian Literature and Art. Part II. ŚRAVYA. Poetry & Prose
249-264
EN
One of many Western categories which prove to be unsuitable to South Asian evidence is the history of literature (meant as the history of a single language). With reference to the Hindi literary traditions, the logic of this concept created huge gaps. One of those (16th to 18th century) has been filled with the history of literatures written in genetically close but different languages. The problem is being solved by the most recent scholarship with the new concept of literary cultures which should replace the old category of the histories of one-language literatures. The extension and adaptation of the sociolinguistic concept of diglossia may provide a theoretical justification and a tool for such reform to be definitively undertaken and accepted by the scholars. This preliminary suggestion is offered after a selective sketch of the problems imposed by the linguistic variety in the area discussed.
7

Wandering Writers in the Himalaya: Contesting Narratives and Renunciation in Modern Hindi Literature

41%
Pozza N.
Cracow Indological Studies
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2015
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vol. 17: Crossing over “on the Birds’ Wings”: South Asian Literature in Local and Global Contexts
49-84
EN
The Himalayan setting—especially present-day Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand—has fascinated many a writer in India. Journeys, wanderings, and sojourns in the Himalaya by Hindi authors have resulted in many travelogues, as well as in some emblematic short stories of modern Hindi literature. If the environment of the Himalaya and its hill stations has inspired the plot of several fictional writings, the description of the life and traditions of its inhabitants has not been the main focus of these stories. Rather, the Himalayan setting has primarily been used as a narrative device to explore and contest the relationship between the mountain world and the intrusive presence of the external world (primarily British colonialism, but also patriarchal Hindu society). Moreover, and despite the anti-conformist approach of the writers selected for this paper (Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh, Nirmal Verma and Krishna Sobti), what mainly emerges from an analysis of their stories is that the Himalayan setting, no matter the way it is described, remains first and foremost a lasting topos for renunciation and liberation.
8
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Jazykový transfer u pokročilých hindských/urdských mluvčích češtiny jako druhého jazyka

41%
Melnikova N.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2022
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vol. 13
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issue 1
18-41
EN
This paper examines the influence of Hindi/Urdu on Czech in advanced Hindi/Urdu L1 speakers of Czech as a second language. At present, dozens of Hindi/Urdu L1-speakers enroll in Czech language courses in India every year, and thousands of Hindi/Urdu L1-speakers live in the Czech Republic and have acquired Czech at various levels of proficiency. The objective of this paper is to provide first empirically based insights for teachers of Czech as a foreign/second language to Hindi/Urdu L1-speakers in India and in the Czech Republic. This study analyzes language production of 10 Hindi/ Urdu L1 speakers who have lived long-term in the Czech Republic. The analysis is based on recordings of informal conversations. The obtained linguistic data was compared with standard grammar descriptions of Hindi/Urdu and Czech in order to perform error analysis. With the help of contrastive analysis, errors caused by language transfer were identified and categorized according to the following language domains: phonetics and phonology, and morphosyntax.
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