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EN
The question about the origins of man posed in the field of biological sciences, concerns the phylogenetic line leading to the appearance of the species Homo sapiens. According to a certain hypothesis about the course of this lineage, a biologist may try to determine when and where a change took place, so decisive that it should be considered the creation of our – really new – species. The problem, however, is that the criteria for clearly distinguishing one species from another appear to be difficult, if not impossible, to formulate. This means that the very concept of a “really new” species is somewhat empty. This article illustrates the key methodological problems in the field of natural anthropology that are relevant for its findings.
PL
Pytanie o początki człowieka, stawiane na gruncie nauk biologicznych, jest pytaniem o linię filogenetyczną, wiodącą do pojawienia się gatunku Homo sapiens. Dysponując jakąś hipotezą, dotyczącą przebiegu tej linii, biolog może starać się ustalić, kiedy i gdzie zaszła zmiana na tyle decydująca, że należy ją uznać za równoznaczną powstaniu naszego – prawdziwie nowego – gatunku. Problem polega jednak na tym, że kryteria, pozwalające jednoznacznie odróżnić jeden gatunek od drugiego, wydają się być trudne, a być może nawet niemożliwe do sformułowania. Oznacza to, że samo pojęcie „prawdziwie nowego” gatunku jest w pewnym sensie puste. W artykule zostały ukazane kluczowe problemy metodologiczne, występujące na gruncie antropologii przyrodniczej, mające znaczenie dla jej ustaleń.
EN
During ontogeny, there are many phenomena that significantly differentiate humans from other mammals, including Primates. The present considerations and analysis of regression applied for many species to illustrate allometric relations of developmental spurts of height and weight to final values of these parameters in adults, allow to compare processes of growth of Homo sapiens with other Primates and to submit the following results: In Homo sapiens, the maximal rate of growth in length and body mass exists at the prenatal period (during gestation), and after birth, it decelerates. In the evolution of human ontogeny, two new stages occurred: The first one is „childhood" which is manifested by slow body growth and intense brain development. The second one is named „adolescence" and includes pubertal spurt of many body variables. In Humans, as compare with other Primates, the infancy and juvenile stages had been shortened. Human puberty begins when the postnatal rate of growth in height and weight is the lowest since birth and there is a considerable delay in puberty and sexual maturation than in other Primates. The adolescent growth spurt shortens the time needed to reach sexual maturity, which could have been much longer as the result of a slow growth that childhood. Sexual dimorphism in the intensity of pubertal spurt of body mass is smaller in Humans than in other Primates. On the contrary,  sexual dimorphism in the onset of puberty and growth rate in height at this stage is rather well manifested. The adolescent stage is divided into two parts because there is a delay of years between puberty and the onset of the adult reproductive stage of life.
EN
Archaeogenomis is a recently developed interdisciplinary research field that utilizes advanced molecular biology techniques, especially DNA sequencing, to study the history of biological species, including humans. Analyses of ancient genomes provide independent information about human ancestors and their migrations, allowing researchers to uncover history of mankind. Here, we present the fundamental principles of archaeogenomics and its application in the studies of biological history of the populations inhabiting central-east Europe.
EN
This article presents some of the controversy about the creation of man. The first part addresses the issue of determining the first representative of the human race. The latter part is devoted to the evolution of Homo Erectus leading to the emergence of Homo Sapiens. Two theories, most extreme in terms of their assumptions, are presented: “Multi-regional hypothesis” and “African Replacement.” Different definitions of species used by naturalists, and their role in the creation of taxonomy and interpretation of bone material, are discussed. The last part is devoted to the controversy surrounding the Neanderthal and its role in the formation of the modern man.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia niektóre kontrowersje dotyczące powstania człowieka. Pierwsza część podejmuje kwestię ustalenia pierwszego reprezentanta rodzaju ludzkiego. Dalsza część poświęcona jest zagadnieniu ewolucji Homo erectus prowadzącej do wyłonienia się Homo sapiens. Przedstawione są dwie, najbardziej skrajne pod względem swoich założeń teorie: hipoteza ewolucji wieloregionalnej oraz hipoteza afrykańskiego zastąpienia. W następnej kolejności omówione są różne definicje gatunku, stosowane przez przyrodników, opisana jest ich rola w procesie tworzenia taksonomii oraz interpretacji materiałów kostnych. Ostatnia część poświęcona jest kontrowersjom wokół neandertalczyka i jego roli w procesie ukształtowania się człowieka współczesnego.
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