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EN
The costs of the implementation of innovation may be covered from different sources. Against the background of different types of employed capital, distinguished according to propriety laws, the cost classification leads to three sorts of financing: internal, external, and hybrid. Each group employs diverse means, products or instruments that unveil varied opportunities to gain capital. The choice cannot be determined by chaotic, rash and accidental 'algorithm' of actions. The correct procedures should include the innovator's preferences, followed by internal verification (capital recipient) and external verification (capital provider) in the light of predefined criteria. Positive results of the verification procedures lead to the choice of the source of financing innovation, while negative results reorientate the innovator's preferences until there are no possible results or there is no will to find them. In order to facilitate the process, a proposed solution is the establishment of the Centre for Coordination of Innovation Financing Activities, i.e. an institutionalized epicentre of the regional innovation financing system.
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METÓDY ROZLÍŠENIA SKIEL OD KRYŠTALICKÝCH LÁTOK

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EN
Glass imitations of natural precious stones are frequently met in gemmological as well as archaeological practice. A survey of methods and approaches used for quite a precise differentiation of glass from crystalline materials is given in the article. We were oriented in non-destructive methods first of all that allow relatively exact identification.
EN
The goal of the paper is to present the findings of empirical issues concerning personality determinants of engagement. Engagement may be treated as a measure of employee's attitude towards the company. It constitutes an expression of individual's identification with the workplace and a measure of employee's loyalty, it determines satisfaction level and the level of 'emotional attachment' to a company. It also reflects the degree of 'organizational participation' of an employee, being reflected in positive evaluation and undertaking of activities aimed at business goals of a company. From the point of view of business activities it seems particularly significant to be able to identify those aspects which are related to building employee's engagement.
EN
The article takes into consideration the role of risk identification and risk assessment in the risk management process. The importance of those phases is shown as it determines certain decisions and financial liabilities by determining the choice of methods for risk control. Basic assumptions as well as basic methods for risk identification and risk assessment have been proposed in the article. The attention is also paid to the role of indirect costs in the risk assessing process.
EN
A divergence is the basic trend of regional development in Slovakia. Increasing regional disparities multiply the adverse situation of margined and economically weaker regions. The aim of the article is to delimit marginal regions on the level of districts in terms of selected relevant indicators of socio-economic marginality, which reflect the level of economic development, living conditions of population and social climate of regional societies. The contribution of the article is in capturing of changes in their development, which took place in the years 2001 and 2011. From the point of view of Slovakia, these were very important periods in many aspects because it was when Slovakia became member of the EU (2004) and of Eurozone (2009) and, along with the rest of the world, suffered the consequences of the economic crisis (2008). The quoted and other events significantly affected regions and their changes. Increase of margined districts, deepening of their marginality and changes in spatial distribution were observed.
EN
The article describes the constructing process of interindustry balance model of macroeconomic system. The method of determining the oscillation period of macroeconomic dynamics was proposed. It also sets interrelations between number of significant harmonics and number of sectors. This approach is based on the decomposition of trajectories of outputs movement and non-productive consumption of certain sectors and economy as a whole. This allows receiving of qualitative simulation and predictive characteristics for macroeconomic development. Non-productive consumption was calculated using feedback. The unknown matrices of Leontief's model were evaluated based on inequality constraints on the parameters. Approbation of the model was carried out on example of the French economy. Analysis of the input data and the separation of macroeconomic system on sectors were made. The parametric identification of trajectories outputs and non-productive consumption were conducted.
EN
This paper focuses on three theories of personal identity that incorporate the idea that personal identity is the result of a person’s adopting certain attitudes towards certain mental states and actions. The author calls these theories subjective theories of personal identity. He argues that it is not clear what the proponents of these theories mean by “personal identity”. On standard theories, such as animalism or psychological theories, the term “personal identity” refers to the numerical identity of persons and its analysis provides the persistence conditions for persons. He argues that if the subjective theories purport to provide a criterion of numerical personal identity, they fail. A different interpretation may suggest that they purport to provide a non-numerical type of identity for the purpose of providing plausible analyses of certain identity-related practical concerns. The author argues that the criteria the subjective theories provide fail to capture several of the identity-related concerns. As a result, this interpretation must be rejected as well.
EN
Opinions of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) cover the situation of all national minorities in all state parties of the Council of Europe who signed and ratified the FCNM since its adoption in 1998. The situation of Roma, Sinti and Travellers is an important issue in the most of these documents. This paper will analyse how the FCNM opinions use the terms Roma, Sinti, Travellers, Gypsies and other appellations in respect of groups and people who are targeted in these texts. Moreover, the FCNM is an instrument which is in existence for 20 years and during that time the opinions were drafted by various compositions of experts in the Advisory Committee and were reflecting various trends and socio-political situations in Europe and respective State parties of the FCNM. This paper will analyse the texts of the past opinions. The author takes advantage of his personal experience as a member of the Advisory Committee for FCNM between 2014 and 2018 and reflects on the most recent developments in approaches towards labelling the Roma in the opinions of the Advisory Committee for FCNM.
EN
The author defends a combination of Strawson's explanation of definite descriptions as devices of singular reference par excellence with the Russellian truth-evaluation of utterances of sentences with descriptions. The complex Russellian proposition is, according to the author's view, introduced by such utterances into communication as a by-product of the instrumental side of an attempt to make a singular statement. This, precisely like the instrumental aspects of similar attempts exploiting names or demonstratives has to be reflected by analysis but should not be confused with the communicative function of utterances. The success of all these attempts depends on the fulfilment of empirical conditions of various types, given by semantics of descriptions, names or demonstratives (unless the relevance of these conditions is neutralized by another identification factor dominating in given context). But their communicative function does not consist in claiming that these conditions are fulfilled. The author agrees with Strawson that the first two conjuncts of the complex Russellian proposition are introduced into communication as presuppositions: but argues in favour of defining presupposition (in pragmatic sense) in normative, rather than intentional terms.
EN
The article considers the nature of descriptive statements and the ontological status of descriptive constructs in linguistics, taking the example of a phoneme of English. It is argued that descriptive statements should be seen as expressions of the content of descriptive models or as hypotheses. Furthermore, it is argued that descriptive models and constructs in linguistics have a purely explanatory function in relation to speech events and without ontological commitment to corresponding entities in the real world.
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EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of value system of Polish society in the 1970s. After establishing that Poles are the 'federation of primary groups united in a national community', the author formulates the sociological vacuum thesis: Poles strongly identify with their family and friends and the next community, they strongly identify with, is nation. In between these two poles the vacuum spreads covering institutions and groups other than family and friends (e.g. professional groups). The author emphasizes frustration as a feature of Polish society, in which axiological standards significantly differ from reality (the examples of the socialist and democratic values support this argument). He contends simultaneously that the possibility of generalizing about value system of Polish society as a whole stems not so much from the lack of internal differentiation in particular clusters of values (such differentiation exists), as from the experience of vast social change that has resulted in the disappearance of previous value formation centers and has not led to the emergence of the new ones.
EN
Technological changes taking place over the past decades which are to be fully reflected in the world of work in the coming years introduce new pressures on the labour force. The scope of current and newly anticipated skills and an individual’s responsibility to remain flexible over considerably longer periods of his/her working life is unprecedented. The young generation in Europe struggles with effectively adapting to the knowledge received in formal education and too many young adults are not able to assume an adequate and full time job position. The opportunity identification competence is being increasingly recognized in psychological, educational and economic research as a crucial skill closely connecting an individual and his/her future professional and personal prospects. We discuss the concept of the opportunity identification competence and how it relates to individual skills and their development from the point of view of individuals and firms. We present in more detail the recent experimental research on the opportunity identification competence at employee level developed by Lans et al. (2015a) and Baggen et al. (2015b) in which also important links to innovation and the workplace learning were explored. In this paper is intended to serve as a methodological journal for the application of the Opportunity Competence Assessment Test (OCAT) in the Slovak environment and cross-country comparisons, especially with Lans et al. (2015a) research on small and medium sized enterprises. In the context of changing professions and requirements for new skills, we are proposing that opportunity competence framework has relevance not only to entrepreneurs, (founders and or owners of new or existing ventures) but to individuals and employees in general. Lans et al. (2015b). Improving employability is the key policy priority in the EU countries, concerning all generations of individuals. The opportunity identification competence might be the crucial innovative approach because of its novelty, advocacy of employee importance irrespective of company hierarchy and promotion of lifelong learning and workplace learning mechanisms. This has been recognized also by European policies (EP 2006 a,b) in a decision on lifelong learning actions and recommendations on lifelong learning competencies and skills which list also entrepreneurship and specifically opportunity identification skills. Finally, we point to the generally limited empirical evidence on opportunity competence, and lack of such evidence for Slovak companies. An experimental approach to opportunity identification and application of the method developed by Lans et al. (2015a) and Baggen et al. (2015 a,b) might via its original and complex view of opportunity competence generate crucial and novel information on adults skills, competencies and employability development in Slovakia.
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