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1

EGALITARIAN NOSTALGIA: DO ATTITUDES TOWARDS INEQUALITIES DIVIDE POLISH SOCIETY?

100%
Sadowski I.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2006
|
issue 2(181)
23-51
EN
A decade ago Wojciech Zaborowski has written: 'egalitarian attitudes should be recognised as the persistent element of consciousness of the Polish society'. Is that really so? To answer that question the author decided on a twofold approach to the issue: the overview of research on attitudes towards inequalities conducted in Poland since 1956 until first years of transition on the one hand and the analysis of survey data (PGSS) from 1992–2002 period on the other. In this way he tries to dissect egalitarian orientations which seem to be important component of the mentality of the Polish society in the process of system transition. He confronts the results of undertaken analysis with Walter G. Runciman's findings, whose research showed crucial role of relative deprivation in explaining egalitarian attitudes. In the light of the general conclusions the author tries to take a stand on broader issue of legitimization of socio-political system in contemporary Poland.
2

STARTER POSITION CHANCE - FULFILLED DREAMS? SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AMONG THE SPORT-TALENTED YOUTH (Indulo eselyek - beteljesitett almok? Tarsadalmi eselyegyenloseg a tehetseges fiatal sportolok koreben)

100%
Velenczei A., Kovacs A., Attila S., Tamas S.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
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2009
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vol. 19
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issue 4
109-129
EN
Although the wider public would think that sport is one of the most democratic subsystems in the society, in the last quarter of the 20th century and the early part of the 21st century substantive empirical research has shown that social inequalities are reflected in sporting practices and more generally in cultural consumption; furthermore, these tendencies may be even stronger. The aim of this study is to analyze social equality or inequality in a special field: in consideration of the new generation of competitive sports. The Hungarian state has started a Sport Talent Care Program (named Heracles Program) to nurture those 14-23 year-old talented young sportsmen, who are to be the future hopes of the country. The purpose of the research was, therefore, to analyze the social background of these young athletes and to discover the existing social inequalities in this population. In addition, the authors examined these sportsmen's affinity for their sport, and whether youngsters perceive sport as a professional activity or just as a beneficial recreational pastime. The results showed that the talented young athletes participating in the state-financed programs come from the middle or upper classes, as they did in 1976. Their parents' qualification level is high; they have good profession and excellent jobs. The number of the lower class-youngsters is almost negligible. From the results, it can also be concluded that sport as a profession is non-appealing for the young. They would like to follow the way of their parents: a good qualification and a decent job in everyday life. Nowadays competitive sports - already at a young age - demands hard work all day. These young people invest the bulk of their time and substantial energy into competitive success, thus there are permanent conflicts between them and their environment (parents, coaches, leaders of the club), and even within the athletes themselves.
3

National minorities as involuntary minorities. Test of the 'oppositional culture' explanation for ethnic differences in educational attainment in europe. The case of Hungarians

100%
Pasztor A.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
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2006
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vol. 16
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issue 2
3-36
EN
This study aims to.draw attention to national minorities as a distinct group from immigrants. Additionally, it attempts. to introduce a global perspective on national minorities, with specific reference to Hungarians in Central Europe. There are no sociological theories addressing the issue of national minorities in the area of education; it is argued here that theories relating.to immigrants might be a useful starting point. For example, Ogbu's distinction' between 'voluntary' and 'involuntary' minorities is applicable to the distinction between immigrants and national minorities. Using empirical evidence, from a nationally representative survey carried out in the Carpathian-basin, I find little support for Ogbu's thesis. Analysis of the data indicates significant variation between the autochthonous minorities examined in the study which questions whether it is appropriate to generalize on the basis of voluntarity alone. Additionally, empirical analysis specifically on Hungarians does not support Ogbu's thesis. The Hungarian national minority as an involuntary group is not significantly disadvantaged with respect to educational attainment (with the exception of Slovakia). On the contrary, they seem to catch up with the majority, i.e. the gap between majority and minority appears to be narrowing.
4

Blindness to success. Social-psychological obstacles along the way to a market economy in Eastern Europe

100%
Csepeli G., Orkeny A., Szekelyi M., Barna I.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2004
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issue 1
3-35
EN
This paper explores moral and social-psychological objectives important to the functioning of the market system in the new Eastern and Central European democracies. The aim is to analyse the new economic and social relations established by the Eastern European transition, especially how they differ from Western structures and how they evolved during the transition period. The analysis uses data from cross-national surveys on attitudes taken in 1991 and 1996. These focused on attitudes towards and views about justice, a just society, and the principles of just distribution, and touched, albeit indirectly, on the general lack of confidence and envy. Based on this empirical data our study examines attitudes towards economic actors, but the findings are interpretable both at the system level and within wider social relations. Operationalizing attitudes towards economic actors is one way to examine attitudes towards the rich under market circumstances. Wealth is a manifestation of economic success in a market situation and exemplifies the extent of social inequalities. Public attitudes towards the rich are not independent of people's judgments of economic institutions or the guiding principles of the market economy. The analysis was extended to the socio-psychological inclinations and preferences of the new Eastern European market economies at the time of the transition. Comparing East and West for acceptance and rejection of market rules and the attitudinal background allows testing for embeddedness and legitimation of market systems in post-socialist societies.
5

Wykorzystanie współczynnika Zengi do oceny poziomu redystrybucji dochodów

100%
Mazurek E.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2012
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issue 898
5-15
EN
The main goal of the article is to propose the use of the Zenga coefficient to assess the income tax, especially the redistribution effect. The redistributive function allows the state both to raise more funds and to distribute income more evenly. The basic measurement of the level of redistribution consists in assessing the impact of the tax system on inequality in income distribution. Comparing coefficients that measure the level of inequality in income distribution before and after taxation is one way to assess the level of redistribution. All the coefficients of the level of redistribution proposed in the literature are based on the commonly used gauge of income inequality – the Gini coefficient. The article proposes Zenga coefficient for its interpretation quality in assessing the level of redistribution to be undertaken.
6

In Search of a 'different way'

100%
Kowalak T.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2005
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vol. 8
77-96
EN
In search of different way (don't confuse with Giddens' third way) of development and making good society author refers to Muslim and Confucian values of East, economic inequalities (the rich getting richer, the poor getting poorer), and democratization process. Cultural differences between East and West consist among other things in stressing on value of community and social obligations or on value of individual freedom and rights. All questions about social order have to refer to tensions between these points of view. What we need is new normative system which resolves this tension in a new and better way in contrast to eastern authoritarianism or western individualism. Etzioni's communitarianism is a good starting point to consideration of possibilities which are still open contrary to Fukuyama's end of history hypothesis. The main obstacles to new better world are economic growth with economic inequalities and other side effects, lack of efficient and effective social arrangements and low level of social capital. The author shows many indicators from global development reports (World Bank, UNDP) and other sources to prove hypothesis of deepening economic inequalities in global scale and in Polish society. He regards this trends as unjust and rejects them on moral grounds. The last part of article considers different strategies of democratization in a bitterly divided world.
7

Conservatism versus socialism. The late-Victorian prophet of inequality, Mallock

100%
Egedy G.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2004
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vol. 22
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issue 1
147-161
EN
The most relentless attack on socialism in Britain in the late nineteenth century was made by W. H. Mallock. He was one of the few Conservatives to take socialism seriously enough to subject it to a rigorous criticism and thus he did more than probably anyone else to convince Conservatives that socialism, and not liberalism, was their real enemy. Mallock was dissatisfied with evolutionary sociology, but neither could he rely - in constructing his defence of the man of ability - on the concepts of traditional conservatism. Consequently, he tried to elaborate a new theoretical framework to prove his main thesis, i.e. the connexion between the inequalities in human capacity and the inequality of wealth. He insisted that any changes that tend to abolish inequalities would tend also to destroy civilization. This conviction led him, however, to an exaggerated defence of individualism, neglecting the corporate needs of society.
8

Poverty, marginalisation, segregation: contribution to the interpretation of social inequalities

100%
Szoboszlai Z.
Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)
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2004
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vol. 18
|
issue 3
25-42
EN
The author presents and analyses the international, particularly the Eastern European features of poverty policies, typical social processes on the peripheries and social challenges. In the course of his analysis he proves that poverty has national, regional, ethnical and gender characteristics. Within Hungary there are significant regional differencies in poverty. Since the change of the political regime (1990), during the last one and a half decades, the 'social stratification fan' has opened. One of the study's conclusions is that the main reasons of social exclusion are: poverty, reproductive inequalities, ethnical, sexual, religious discrimination and discrimination according to age, cultural gaps, unemployment, the raising number of unemployed and homeless people, and the disarrangement and cessation of human relations. Processing many results of new empirical research the author proves that there is a significant difference between those Roma and non-Roma people who have similar social background. Nowadays Roma people's social disadvantages and a tendency to preserve these disadvantages are intensifying in Hungary. In the interest of comparativeness and to encourage further thinking the author presents the challenges of the European Union, based on the fight against poverty and social exclusion. These tasks were elaborated in the National Action Plans of the Member States in 2001. The author also summerises the Joint Memorandum about Social Inclusion of Hungary, which was published in the summer of 2003.
9

INFORMAL EDUCATION FOR BOYS ONLY? THE THEME OF GENDER IN THE WORK OF JAROSLAV FOGLAR

88%
Jirásek I., Macků R., Němec J., Jarkovská L.
Pedagogický časopis (Journal of Pedagogy)
|
2023
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vol. 14
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issue 2
49 – 67
EN
The paper deals with the work of the Czech children’s author Jaroslav Foglar from a gender perspective, reflecting on two themes in particular: the absence of heroines; and his understanding of boys’ reciprocity and friendship with the adoration of physicality. The impetus for this analysis was data from a questionnaire survey, the aim of which was to determine which aspects of Jaroslav Foglar’s work are most appreciated by readers and which they think apply to real life. The quantitative analysis of the data (n=1174) did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the men’s and women’s responses; however, the qualitative analysis of the open-ended statements is illustrative of the underrepresentation of girls among literary heroes. The diverse ways in which Foglar’s work captures friendships between boys allow even today’s readers to expand their perceptions of masculinity beyond traditionally defined boundaries.
10
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RETURN TO AND DEPARTURE FROM SOCIAL ORIGIN: TRENDS IN SOCIAL FLUIDITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC BETWEEN 1990 AND 2011

88%
Katrňák T., Fónadová L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2014
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vol. 46
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issue 6
655 – 685
EN
The authors analyse trends in social fluidity between 1990 and 2011 in Czech society and examine how the transition from socialism to capitalism has affected these trends. The data consist of 28 annual surveys conducted in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2011 (N=28,726). The results show that social fluidity in Czech society decreased between 1989 and 2000. This is the result of social change (the period effect), namely, intra generational changes, which the authors conceptualise as a return to social origin. These changes are related to the re-stratification of Czech society after 1989. The period of return to social origin ends sometime around the year 2000. After that, the trend reverses and social fluidity slowly increases. The authors argue that the period of return to social origin is replaced by a period of departure from social origin. This shift is the effect of the educational expansion that has occurred since 1989 in Czech society and cohort replacement.
11

The digital gap, as a new phenomenon responsible for having peripheries

88%
Szarvak T.
Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)
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2004
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vol. 18
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issue 3
57-75
EN
On the basis of theoretical and empirical results the study analyses the social inequalities and the concept of the digital gap, which exist as a result of the development of information society. The actuality of this matter is that the social and digital slope can be conceived as a rebirth of previous inequalities in our century. In the analysis we embark on examining the attitudes and role set of Roma people towards information society. On the basis of a survey carried out with Roma social groups, we urge equal opportunities programs - referring to local needs - for excluded people on the peripheries.
12

INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR SLOVAKIA

88%
Zeman J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2019
|
vol. 67
|
issue 5
459 – 480
EN
Relationship between income inequality and economic growth is ambiguous one but most mainstream economists view real income increase as a drag of economic growth as it leads to higher labour cost, lower competitiveness and reduction of employment. In this study we provide an alternative view and show that labour income increase may have also positive effect on growth. Which of these two effects dominates in a particular country depends on institutional and legal environment of that country, its macroeconomic conditions and also its economic policies. We test empirically two distinct economies – a small, very open economy of Slovakia and a large, closed economy of the Euro area. We find that in equilibrium, both economies are wage-led on average in the period 1993 – 2017 and hence it appears to be beneficial to pursue policies that would reduce income inequality.
13

APPETITES GROW WITH AGE: WAGE EXPECTATIONS AMONG SLOVAK MEN AND WOMEN

88%
Adamus M., Ballová Mikušová E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2021
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vol. 69
|
issue 9
885 – 906
EN
The present study investigated whether gender differences in wage expectations (reservation wage and expected wage level after probation) could be considered as a reliable explanation of the gender wage gap. First, whether women are willing to accept lower wage offers than men do was examined. Then socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect wage expectations in relation to a post of a regional manager in a winery were identified. A total of 381 Slovaks (201 female) participated in the study. Generally, women and men stated similar wage expectations despite significantly different actual incomes. Next, correlation analysis showed that reservation wage was positively related to personal income and masculinity controlling for age (the expected wage level after the probationary period was not related to any of the measured variables), whereas hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed personal income and masculinity as significant predictor of reservation wage. Finally, after dividing participants into age quartiles, ANOVA revealed that with increasing age wage expectations increased as well.
14
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DETERMINATION OF COLLEGE EXPECTATIONS IN OECD COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL AND STRUCTURAL FACTORS

88%
Mateju P., Smith M. L., Soukup P., Basl J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2007
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vol. 43
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issue 6
1121-1148
EN
Renowned international experts in higher education financing have argued that, owing to large government deficits, tertiary education will not be able to open up and meet growing demand unless cost-sharing principles and efficient student financial aid programmes are introduced. Opponents of cost-sharing in higher education object that introducing tuition fees will raise inequality in access to higher education. Drawing on OECD data, and focusing on college expectations, the authors argue that the effects of ability, gender, and socio-economic background on college expectations are primarily shaped by the characteristics of secondary education systems, such as the degree of stratification and vocational specificity of secondary schools, while the principal characteristics of the tertiary education system, such as enrolment rates and the model of financing, play a much less important role. The results clearly show that, after controlling for the effects of secondary school system characteristics, cost-sharing, as such or by degree, does not affect the formation of college expectations by ability, gender, and socio-economic background as much as the selectivity of the secondary school system does.
15
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Education for Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women in India

88%
Pietkiewicz-Pareek B.
Rocznik Andragogiczny
|
2012
|
vol. R. 2012
308-317
EN
The point of empowerment lies in the ability of w women to control her own destiny. In India women have limited access to education, almost half of them are illiterate. In order to women`s empowering they must gain knowledge, profession, and as a result of this independence. Women need to brake with the old tradition " In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent".
16
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Financování studia a vývoj v nerovnostech v přístupu k vysokoškolskému vzdělávání v České republice a Nizozemsku

75%
Mateju P., Konecny T., Weidnerova S., Vossensteyn H.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 5
993-1032
EN
This article focuses on the connection between financial aid systems in higher education and the development of inequalities in access to higher education. Although the student financial aid system is just one of a number of factors that influence a person's chances of studying in higher education, its role in a person's decision to pursue higher education may be of fundamental significance for those with lower socio-economic status. Therefore, the authors of this article focus on the effect of the financial conditions of study on the chances that individuals from families with low socio-economic status have obtained higher education. The analysis looks at developments in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands, because Czech and Dutch student financial aid systems have been evolving in very different directions over the last two decades, while their secondary school systems continue to share very similar features. The analysis reveals that student financial aid based primarily on direct financial support (as in the Netherlands) was accompanied by a decline in inequalities in access to education, even though students had to pay tuition, while a system of financial aid primarily involving indirect support (as in the Czech Republic) applied over the same period did not inhibit increasing inequalities, despite the fact that during the period under observation students were not required to pay tuition.
17
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Školní třída pod genderovou lupou

75%
Jarkovska L.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 4
727-753
EN
The article presents selected results from an ethnographic study on the (re)production of gender in the classroom. In this analysis, gender is conceived as a principle manifested in interactions, a principle that structures the lives of individuals and the collective, and not as a complex of essential characteristics of an individual. Gender is analysed in relation to other categories like age and ethnicity. These represent additional re/constructed categories that influence social inequality. These categories tend to be viewed as natural sources of social difference and the legitimisation of inequalities. An analysis of the ways in which these categories are activated in the social field makes it possible to go beyond the boundaries of research on the reification of these categories. In this article, the authoress shows how these categories intertwine and connect and how the interplay between them is manifested in the behaviour and strategies of various actors, i.e. students, in the classroom.
18

DECENTRALIZATION AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING ECONOMIC IMBALANCES IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

75%
Bednářová P., Laboutková Š.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 10
1052 – 1064
EN
This paper deals with the potential connections of decentralization with economic imbalances in the European countries. Two indicators have been chosen for measuring economic imbalances: an indicator dispersion of regional GDP per capita as a representative of the performance imbalances within countries (it measures the economic development gap among regions in European countries) and a multidimensional inequality-adjusted human development index as a representative of inequalities in the distribution of wealth in the countries. According to this analysis quite weak links were proved between the tested variables. Decentralization does not belong among the strong factors influencing economic imbalances. Despite this weak link it is still possible to conclude that decentralization is more connected with differences in economic performance than with differences in distribution.
19

WHO IS HAPPY IN POST-SOCIALIST SLOVENIA?: POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND THE DYNAMIC OF THE “HAPPINESS GAP”

75%
Malnar B., Kurdija S., Bernik I.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2017
|
vol. 20
|
issue 4
-
EN
The article starts from the premise that the legitimacy of the post-socialist order is strongly related to its ability to generate a level of happiness among the lower social strata that is not significantly lower than the happiness enjoyed by the privileged social strata. We used three waves of the Slovenian Public Opinion Survey and seven waves of the European Social Survey to explore the hypothesis that the average level of happiness in Slovenia is higher in the post-socialist period than during the socialist period, due to Slovenia’s relative prosperity and new democratic circumstances. World-wide happiness analyses by Inglehart et al. (2008) also addressed the link between levels of life satisfaction and system legitimacy. The authors conclude that society’s level of well-being is intimately related to the legitimacy of the socioeconomic and political system. In addition to examining the general trend, we set out to explore the social distribution of happiness over time, i.e. the happiness (trend) distinguished by two basic social strata. In light of the transition effect, we explored another explanatory factor; namely optimism. In times of rapid social change an important mediating factor for personal happiness is likely to be the perception of future opportunities. Our analysis confirmed that optimism plays an important role in the subjective self-assessments of happiness. With the exception of health, optimism is the strongest predictor of happiness, which suggests that an optimistic outlook does have the potential to compensate for the current lack of material standards among the ‘losers’ of transition. However, during the period of economic recession which began to affect Slovenia in 2009, the gap has shown a peculiar dynamic. Moreover, even with the recent recovery of economic growth and the cessation of the austerity measures law, some of their elements remain in place and they are precisely those that target primarily the middle class.
20
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“CONJUGAL MIXEDNESS” OR HOW TO STUDY MARITAL NORMS AND INEQUALITIES IN INTERETHNIC RELATIONSHIPS

75%
Collet B.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
|
2017
|
vol. 43
|
issue 4 (166)
143–161
EN
Research on mixed couples goes back to the early 20th century. Quantitative studies mainly use the term intermarriage and concentrate on integration or group barriers; other approaches speak of transnational marriage: mixed couples are seen as a consequence of migration. In this article, we will define conjugal mixedness as involving all sorts of interethnic or interreligious couples, even those who are not directly linked to migration. What makes them mixed is not their cultural differences, but the inequality between the majority and the minority partner. Prevalent in-marriage norms (endogamy) and conjugal inequality lead to social disapproval, which varies historically and depends on the societal context. Conjugal mixedness furthermore requires an intersectional approach; questions of ethno-cultural, racial or religious belonging are linked to gender, social class and migration. Illustrated by empirical examples in France, we show how conjugal mixedness is defined from the outside, i.e. through social perceptions or disapproval, and constructed from the inside (the couples’ own experiences of mixedness in daily life and the adjustments they make). We argue that the way spouses deal with mixedness depends on factors other than ethnic belonging, namely gender, class and migration history.
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