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EN
Unhindered and sure access to resources in demanded amounts, of required quality, at demanded dates and at reasonable prices, which is the basic element of security of resources, is considered one of the most important factors that build international competitiveness of the European industry. It is simultaneously an element of the implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy, aimed at providing economic growth and increased employment in the European Union. The article explains the notion of security of resources by presenting a static and a dynamic attitude, as well as measurement techniques. It also shows, among others, for how much time current recorded resources of the main types of raw materials will last, including energy, metallic and chemical materials. The author also discusses factors that hamper access to new deposits, namely formal and legal limitations, economic and ecological problems, social protests and geological limitations. Moreover, he studies prospects of the Polish mining sector with regard to main minerals, the extent to which the economy depends on imports of minerals and consequences thereof, as well as the concept of sustainable mining, juxtaposed with practice.
EN
The main obligation of every arbitrator, deciding the case in international commercial arbitration, has always been to decide the dispute in such manner, that it would mean a successful outcome of arbitration. Nowadays it is possible to state that courts, competent to permit an enforcement of foreign arbitral award are applying a positive approach, at least in the states with the international commercial arbitration being a usual way of solving international commercial disputes. Among states, in which the recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award is refused only exceptionally, firmly stands undoubtedly the Netherlands. And it is the analysis of the complex case Yukos v Rosneft, decided in the Netherlands, to which the two-part-long study submitted has been utterly dedicated. The first part of the study will introduce an international commercial arbitration in the Netherlands for the reader, together with the characteristics of the most famous Dutch arbitration institution. The analysis of the Yukos v Rosneft case has been included in the second part of the study. Actually, the Dutch judgments, gradually rendered in all instances of the Dutch judicial system have proved to be an illustrative example of interpretation of the New York Convention, as well as an example of application of the Dutch Act on Arbitration 1986. Far from exaggerating any point, after delving into the intricacies of the Yukos v Rosneft case, it is possible only to predict, that nothing could have been able to diverge the reader’s attention from the fact that these judicial decisions are definitely both complicated and highly controversial in their very nature.
ARS
|
2010
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
85-118
EN
The thematization of topic of the history of art in Central Europe as a specific art historical phenomenon is a fascinating and at the same time quite dramatic story. The paper presents an attempt to outline the main trends, which shaped research into the history of art in the region: e.g. national history of art, cosmopolitanism as scientism, global history of art as racialism, nationalists versus cosmopolitans, from modernism to nationalism, from internationalism to expansionism, from nationalism to etatisme, from etatisme to the trans-national history of art, the idea of macro-regions (from Eastern to Central Europe), national history as a multi-cultural communication, and 'Kulturtransfer' and East-Central Europe.
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