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EN
Aim/purpose – The aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of an investing in investment funds with different risk levels in times of a future life expectancy increase. For this purpose, it was analysed how future prices of the investment funds’ entities behave, depending on the window function and the age of the investors, in particular people of retirement age, for whom an investment income may be a supplementary way of raising additional capital. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the historical data of the funds chosen from the different risk groups, a simulation of their price behaviour in the window function was carried out covering investor’s further life expectancy. Then, based on the result, the distribution of prices was analysed and the efficiency of investing in investment funds according to risk exposure was evaluated. Findings – According to the conducted analyses, the funds with the lowest efficiency were share funds. The best funds, in terms of efficiency, were bond and money funds. Research implications/limitations – The study was conducted on a limited number of funds, but this analysis can help take investment decisions. Originality/value/contribution – In this study, the investment in investment funds is treated as a long-term project which expires after 25-30 years, and therefore it may be problematic to use standard methods of evaluation for the purpose of this paper. As a result, the NPV (Net Present Value) method was applied as a measure of the investment’s efficiency. In the literature, this approach to the evaluation of investment funds is unique.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss the real (gross) values of the management fees charged by the investment funds' managing firms in Poland as well as the difference between these values and the published ones on one hand and between them and the respective fees charged by the managing firms in Western European countries on the other. To meet this aim the concept of the real (gross) rate of return on investment funds is presented first. Next the formulas are developed to compute values of this rate of return in terms of simple as well as compound interest rates assuming that the net rate of return of the investment fund as well as the net management fee are known. On that basis the investigated real (gross) values of the management fees are computed for a number of sets of values of investment fund's net rates of return on one hand and the values of the published management fees on the other. These values are presented in the tables attached to the paper. The paper ends with the considerations why investment funds' management fees charged by the managing firms operating on the Polish market are much higher than in Western European economies. Then follow answers and the two related questions: when the management fees on the Polish market will be reduced to the level of western European standards and what are the preconditions for the reduction of the management fees on the Polish market. The main conclusion is that the respective actions of the Polish Government are required to reduce these fees in favour of the whole economy and especially of the individuals. (original abstract)
XX
W artykule przedstawiono metodę grupowania funduszy przy użyciu funkcji dyskryminacyjnej wykorzystując zmienne opisujące m.in. doświadczenie w zarządzaniu aktywami, wyniki działalności inwestycyjnej, ryzyko inwestycyjne oraz miary efektywności zarządzania portfelem inwestycyjnym. Za kryterium dyskryminacji przyjęto średnią roczną stopę zwrotu dla wszystkich analizowanych funduszy inwestycyjnych. W jednej grupie uwzględniono fundusze mające stopę zwrotu niższą od przeciętnej, a w drugiej równą co najmniej średniej stopie zwrotu. Jako kolejne kryterium dyskryminacji zastosowano różnicę pomiędzy średniomiesięczną stopą zwrotu funduszy a stopą zwrotu z WIG. Oszacowane funkcje dyskryminacyjne posłużyły do grupowania badanych obiektów do zbiorów „lepszych” oraz „gorszych” funduszy inwestycyjnych. W podsumowaniu badań dokonano oceny trafności przyporządkowania funduszy inwestycyjnych do każdej z wyróżnionych grup. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
In the article the method of funds grouping with discriminant function use was presented. It took advantage of variables, which among other things described experiences in assets' management, the results of investment activity, investment risk and measures of investment 's portfolio management. As a discrimination criterion the average year's return rate for every analyzed investment fund was assumed. As a next discrimination criterion the difference between monthly average funds' return rate and return rate of WIG was used. Estimated discriminant function served grouping of tested objects into "better " and "worse" sets of investment funds. In the surveys' summary the evaluation of the accuracy of investment funds' assignment to every given group was made. (original abstract)
EN
The paper is focused on brief presentation of Heritage Impact Assessment concept in the field of Polish industrial heritage. Main advantage of paper is presentation of procedure, that's not very common in Poland, but is broad used in, for example, United Kingdom and Australia. HIA enables not only to preserve heritage for next generation, but also is very useful support tool for investors. It's quite inexpensive and easy to implement this instrument into investment process and it significantly reduces level of risk investment
PL
Alokacja środków za pomocą funduszy inwestycyjnych rynku nieruchomości cieszy się coraz większą popularnością wśród inwestorów na świecie. Najpopularniejszymi funduszami tego typu są REIT, a największym rynkiem – rynek amerykański. Również w Polsce funkcjonują fundusze inwestycyjne, które inwestują na rynku nieruchomości. Nasz rynek jest jednak słabo rozwinięty. Brakuje na nim chociażby wspomnianych REIT. W tej kwestii może się jednak coś zmienić. Pod koniec 2018 roku kończył się bowiem proces legislacyjny związany z ustawą, która ma umożliwić powstawanie tego typu funduszy. Celem pierwszej części artykułu jest analiza i ocena amerykańskiego rynku funduszy REIT. Ukazano w niej specyfikę działalności funduszy, a także stopy zwrotu, jakie one wypracowały w latach 2010-2017. W drugiej części artykułu przeanalizowano i oceniono polski rynek funduszy nieruchomości w kontekście głównych założeń przygotowywanej ustawy regulującej działalność funduszy REIT w klasycznej formie. Ostatnim elementem artykułu będzie przedstawienie przyczyn zapotrzebowania na stworzenie ram prawnych dla funkcjonowania polskich funduszy inwestycyjnych typu REIT.
EN
Allocation of funds through real estate investment funds is gaining in popularity among investors internationally. REIT funds are the most popular among this type of funds, and the US is the largest market. Also in Poland, there are investment funds, which invest in real estate. However, our market is underdeveloped. For instance, it lacks the above mentioned REITs. However, a new draft act, which should enable creation of this type of funds, is currently under preparation. In the first part of the article, the characteristics of the US REIT market will be presented. The second part will show the Polish real estate fund market, main objectives of the draft act and the reasons why the legal framework that would allow functioning of Polish REITs is required.
XX
W artykule zaproponowano budowę rankingu funduszy inwestycyjnych wykorzystującego jako kryterium oceny wskaźniki selektywności i wyczucia rynku. Stworzono w tym celu zmienną syntetyczną, powstałą z zagregowania wskaźników selektywności i wyczucia rynku. Wzięto pod uwagę następujące zmienne diagnostyczne: współczynnik Sharpe’a, Treynora, Jensena, alfa Sharpe’a, γ w modelu Treynora-Mazuy’ego, β2 w modelu Henrikssona-Mertona. Wartości zmiennych zostały obliczone dla każdego miesiąca w okresie od czerwca 1999 r. do czerwca 2005 r. W obliczeniach wykorzystano tygodniowe stopy zwrotu funduszy inwestycyjnych dla tego okresu. Obliczone wartości wskaźników posłużyły do budowy rankingu funduszy inwestycyjnych pod względem efektywności zarządzania aktywami przez menedżerów. Podjęto również próbę modelowania szeregów czasowych statycznych i dynamicznych syntetycznych mierników z uwzględnieniem elementów prognozowania wartości tych wskaźników. Wykorzystano do tego celu modele klasy ARIMA. Trafność otrzymanych prognoz rankingów funduszy została zweryfikowana przy pomocy mierników dokładności predykcji ex ante oraz ex post. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
In the article the building of investment funds' ranking, which uses as an estimation criterion selectivity index and market sensing, was proposed For this purpose the synthetic variable was created, it arisen from selectivity index and market sensing aggregation. The following diagnostic variables were taken into consideration: Sharpe ratio, Trey nor, Jensen, Sharpe alpha, y in Treynor-Mazuy model, ßi in Henriksson-Merton model. The variables values were estimated for every month from June 1999 until June 2005. In these calculations the weekly return rates of investment funds for this period were used. Estimated indexes' values served as an investment funds' ranking building in respect of efficiency in assets management by managers. The test of static and dynamic synthetic measures of time series modeling was undertaken with taking into account value forecasting elements of these indexes. For this purpose, the ARIMA model was used. The relevance of obtained funds rankings' forecasts was verified by measures of ex ante and ex post accuracy prediction. (original abstract)
EN
This paper verifies the replication efficiency of the ETF (Exchange - Traded Fund), which should replicate the index of twenty largest companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG20). It also tries to explain the source of occurring variations.
EN
The research results of pension system in Poland (the first and second pillar) indicate that retiring will be connected with necessity of significant expenses reduction, what consequently will lower the current life level. The forecasted low level of new pension system effectiveness (the first and second pillar) leads to necessity of saving capital by instruments belonging to the third pension pillar of voluntary character. This paper presents the effectiveness of investment funds which constitute the basis of this part of the pension system, as well as chosen investment strategies used by pension system participants.
EN
Financial crisis on global markets, initiated in the USA, is regarded as one of the most characteristic phenomena in the contemporary global economy. Effects of the crisis visible in activity of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) evaluations of the changeability of the REITs market constitute a point of departure in comparing to the share market real estate market. In the study the author is making the assessment of the impact of the financial crisis to the REITs market in the USA, as the instrument combining features of both the capital market and the real estate market. Values of basic share indices of the American capital market, the real estate market and indices market of REITs funds in years 2007- 2012 were compared. Analysis results will show that REITs in conditions of an economic crisis can be destabilizing instrument and being characterized by a highest risk. Determining investment attraction of the REITs funds constitutes the summary of results achieved in the recessionary period.
EN
In the face of dynamic development of financial market, the problems of accounting and financial reporting of close-end investment funds have come into prominence. In the paper, the legal rules of accounting policies for close-end investment funds have been described. The goal of the paper is the analysis of the accounting policies of exemplary closeend investment funds in relation to reaching investment goals. The author of the paper has also suggested that exceeding of investment limits should be presented in the audit opinion.
PL
Do oceny efektywności inwestycyjnej otwartych funduszy inwestycyjnych akcji oraz zrównoważonych w pracy wykorzystano wskaźniki: Sharpe'a-Izraelsena, Omega i nadwyżkową stopę zwrotu UPR. Jako benchmark rynkowy przyjęto indeksy WIG oraz WIG20. Praca jest kontynuacją wcześniejszych badań, w których zastosowano dwie miary: Information Ratio oraz wskaźnik Sortino. W celu dokonania porównania uzyskanych wyników pod uwagę wzięto te same okresy badań, tj. okres hossy (2003-2007) i bessy (2007-2011). W konsekwencji okazało się, że rankingi tworzone na podstawie wykorzystanych wskaźników oraz wskaźników Sortino i Information Ratio prowadzą do podobnych wniosków. Niestety, niezbyt pochlebnych dla zarządzających portfelami inwestycyjnymi funduszy. Zmienność pozycji rankingowych funduszy jest bardzo duża i nie pozwala wyłonić zdecydowanych liderów rynku.
EN
In order to assess the investment effectiveness of the open-end equity and balanced mutual funds, the following indicators were used in the paper: Sharpe- Izraelsen's, Omega and UPR. WIG and WIG20 indexes were treated as the market benchmarks. The paper is the continuation of the previous research, in which Information Ratio and Sortino were used. To make the comparison, the same periods of reOcena zarządzania portfelami otwartych funduszy inwestycyjnych... 147 search, i.e. bullish market (2003-2007) and bearish market (2007-2011) were taken into account. Consequently, the research showed that the ratings created on the basis of the used indicators, as well as Sortino and Information Ratio indicators lead to similar conclusions. Unfortunately, the results seem to be not very favourable for managers of the fund's portfolios. The changeability of the rating positions of open-end equity, as well as balanced mutual funds is very considerable and that is why it is impossible to decide upon the definite leaders of the market
PL
W artykule przedstawiono prace dotyczące oceny zarządzania funduszami inwestycyjnymi portfeli oferowanych przez wybrane Polskie Towarzystwo Ubezpieczeń na Życie. Oceny zarządzania dokonano poprzez badanie występowania powtarzalności stóp zwrotu i wskaźników Sharpe’a w podokresach 2-, 4- i 5-letnich oraz na podstawie oszacowania oczekiwanej stopy zwrotu i ryzyka inwestycji portfelowych w aktywa funduszy. Analizie poddano 132 fundusze o różnych klasach ryzyka, notowanych na rynku w latach 2004-2013. Badania w zdecydowanej większości badanych przypadków nie wykazały powtarzalności przyjętych miar wyników. Stwierdzono natomiast odwracanie skumulowanych stóp zwrotu i wskaźnika Sharpe’a w podokresach 4-letnich oraz statystycznie równe oczekiwane zwroty z inwestycji w badane portfele funduszy, WIG i bony skarbowe.
EN
The article presents an evaluation of managing investment funds in portfolios offered by the Polish Life Insurance Company. Assessments are based on the analysis of the persistence of cumulative returns and Sharpe ratios in 2-, 4- and 5-year subperiods, with one year step. We analyze 132 funds with different risk classes, quoted in the Polish market in 2004-2013. Most of our studies do not show performance persistence. However, we find the occurrence of the Sharpe ratio and cumulative returns reversal in 4-year sub-periods. Moreover, we find no statistically significant differences between expected returns of fund portfolios, Warsaw Stock Exchange Index, and Polish treasury bills.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to discuss the structure of financial intermediaries market with particular reference made to mutual funds, and to present the role they have played in the financial sector. Moreover, the study focusses on the presentation of the environment of the mutual funds functioning in Poland, which is possible by comparing the level of assets values in main groups of financial institutions over the long-term perspective. Furthermore, it is essential in the cognitive context to determine the influence of market trends on the popularity of given segments of funds. The analysis has shown that the development of collective investment institutions industry in Poland is incontestable. Even though the mutual funds have gained a relatively strong position on the financial intermediaries market, they clearly give priority to the banking sector institutions. The volume of market shares of main types of funds has changed over time, which could be dependent on capital market factors.(original abstract)
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu zbadano możliwości uzyskania korzyści wynikających z efektu dywersyfikacji, jakie przynosi dodanie towarów do klasycznych portfeli akcji lub obligacji. Przeanalizowano portfele składające się z różnych aktywów towarowych, takich jak energia, metale czy produkty rolne notowane na światowych rynkach, a także na rodzimej Towarowej Giełdzie Energii. Inwestycje odbywają się zarówno w sposób pośredni (poprzez fundusze ETF czy kontrakty na różnicę bez możliwości dostawy fizycznej), jak i bezpośredni w postaci kontraktów terminowych forward czy futures z dostawą fizyczną. Stopy zwrotu, korelacje, odchylenia standardowe i niektóre wskaźniki, takie jak Sharpe lub Sortino, są prezentowane na podstawie danych empirycznych. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, iż dodanie towarów do portfela inwestycyjnego może przynieść korzyści. Niemniej jednak mogą one być ograniczone ze względu na słabą płynność tych towarów (np. na Towarowej Giełdzie Energii) oraz brak występowania powszechnych indeksów towarowych.
EN
This study examines the possibilities of obtaining advantages of the diversification effect brought by adding commodities to the classic equity or bond portfolios. These portfolios consisting of different assets like energy, metals, softs and agriculture are analysed, including both indirect (through derivatives and ETFs) and direct ways of investing in commodities, including polish commodity market too. Rates of return, correlations, standard deviations and some performance ratios like Sharpe or Sortino are calculated for separate portfolios on the basis of empirical data. Results obtained allow to state that adding of commodities in portfolio could bring benefits. Nevertheless, they could be limited due to poor liquidity on Polish Power Exchange as well as a lack of commodity indexes.
EN
This paper presents the Omega meter - quite new tool to measure investment efficiency and risk. One of its major advantages is the independence from the assumptions made regarding the distribution of investment returns being analysed. It also allows for comparison of investment efficiency and riskiness of different assets. The article focuses on the essential characteristics of the meter and the presents methods for its point estimation. An empirical comparison with other risk adjusted measures of investment efficiency was made. The comparison was performed on investment funds of different categories. Omega meter in some cases allows to obtain more valuable information than the other regarded measures of investment efficiency. However, empirical research shows that efficiency measurement results are not much different when using Omega and Sortino ratio.
EN
The dynamic development of the investment funds market in Poland lets us carry out research regarding different aspects of their functioning. A potential participant of the funds must especially answer such questions as: Which fund should he choose?, Has already chosen fund got any chances to become the leader for a longer period of time? The work is devoted to one of the variants of answering the problem that is being discussed, especially it analyses the repetitiveness of the FIO investment results achieved in 2003-2007 and 2007-2011. From the funds' customers' points of view, this is a fundamental issue because entrusting their savings with a "good" fund, one wants to know whether it still will be achieving satisfactory investment results. Maybe a good ranking position at a certain moment is accidental? The research was done on the funds from different risk categories such as equity funds, balanced ones.
XX
Celem artykułu jest próba dokonania analizy osiągania i utrzymywania wysokich pozycji w rankingach stóp zwrotu funduszy inwestycyjnych. Autorzy postawili tezę, że wyniki inwestycyjne funduszu inwestycyjnego charakteryzują się brakiem długotrwałej stabilności. W celu zweryfikowania tezy, zastosowano współczynnik korelacji rang Spearmana oraz współczynnik konkordacji Kendalla i Babingtona-Smitha. Przeprowadzono analizę w kilku etapach: w pierwszej kolejności przedstawiono rezultaty pomiaru skuteczności prognostycznej rozumianej jako zależność rankingu według rocznych stóp zwrotu od rankingu według stóp zwrotu sprzed roku, a następnie zależnie od rankingów sprzed trzech i pięciu lat. Na końcu przeanalizowano, czy kolejność funduszy w rankingach rocznych pozostawała stabilna. Badaniem objęto 101 funduszy inwestycyjnych otwartych i specjalistycznych (oraz ich subfunduszy) działających na polskim rynku kapitałowym w latach 1998-2007.
EN
The aim of this paper is the analysis of the degree of stability of mutual funds performance (diversification between the funds' positions in various rankings in terms of the return rates achieved in the years 1998-2007). The attempt of evaluating the changes that have taken place in the analyzed period of time was also made. The authors used the Kendall's and Babington-Smith's ratio and Spearman's rank correlation ratio for this purpose. The survey took up 101 open investment funds and specialized open funds functioning on the Polish capital market in the years 1998-2007. The evaluation indicated that even the most successful funds managers were not able to achieve stable above-average performance and maintain it for a long time. The rankings analysis revealed that none of the Polish investment funds systematically generated results better than those achieved by other professional investors or relevant benchmarks. A significant variability of the return rates was observed in the different periods, instead of constant, systematically generated, above-average rates of return.(original abstract)
EN
In the previous articles the authors proposed - different from the well-known in the probabilistic literature - definitions of such characteristics of multivariate probability distributions as the expected value, variance, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, kurtosis and excess kurtosis. The basis of these definitions is the concept of the power of the vector in an inner product space proposed by J. Tatar, among others things, in Tatar (1996b). In this paper, the formal forms of those which are mentioned above are used to describe some random vectors occurring in a typical financial market. In this case these.
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