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1

“Consensual Dictatorship” (Zustimmungsdiktatur) And “Community Of The People” (Volksgemeinschaft). Some Reflections On The Interaction Between Nazi State And German Society In The Persecution Of The Jews After 1933

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Bajohr F.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2010

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issue 2(14)

521-526

EN

The persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany after 1933 cannot solely be explained as a political process implemented by the state and the Nazi Party. The exclusion and isolation of Jews in particular was also part of a social process, characterized by a close interaction between the Nazi dictatorship and German society: A process into which the German population was involved actively. Therefore it is not enough to analyze the attitudes of the German population toward the ongoing persecution; the participation of non -Jewish Germans in this process involved actions as well. My following remarks focus on this interaction and the main factors responsible for it.

2

“UNRELIABLE ELEMENTS”. PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS OF JEWISH ORIGIN IN THE SLOVAK ARMY AFTER 1939

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Baka I., Janecová T.

Vojenská história

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2023

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vol. 27

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issue 1

33 - 60

EN

The topic of persecution and discrimination of Jews in the army in Slovakia has already been the focus of several papers. Most of the attention was paid to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence (MNO). However, some of the aspects of this topic have not received the historians’ interest to this day. Nor has more attention been paid to the status of persons who, even after 1939, served in the army on the basis of an exception as professional soldiers or worked as civilian employees in the MNO and were directly or indirectly exposed to the consequences of the anti-Jewish legal norms. This did not only concern the Jews themselves (only one of whom eventually served in the army on the basis of an exception), but also the category of so-called Jewish mongrels and, last but not least, the “Aryans” themselves, whose wives, however, were of Jewish origin. In the study, the authors focus on the first two categories of persons. They are not aiming merely at descriptive interpretation of the legislative and legal norms permitting the exclusion of Jews from the army. They would also like to document their reactions, which represented a desperate effort to keep their place in the army. Those represented (from their authors’ point of view) an extremely humiliating and desperate effort in every respect to conform to the demands of the regime derived from the official anti-Jewish stereotypes of the propaganda of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. The latter regarded the Jews as a hostile element. The text pays special attention to the personality of František M. Borský, whose fate in the Slovak Army has not yet been further examined.

3

Směr Nisko nad Sanem: první organizované deportace Židů z Vídně

100%

Dvořák J.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2012

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vol. 3

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issue 1

44-57

XX

This article deals with first organized deportation of Viennese Jews during the Second Word War. Two of Jewish transports which in October 1939 left for Nisko upon San, became a part of first deportation action of European Jews in the history of Holocaust. In the beginning the article mentions an outline of the most important extant archive documents and literature related to this theme. Another parts deal with details of departure of these transports. The reasons of the Vienna Jews’ deportation, the preparation and the course of these transports are described here. A description of events after the arrival of these Jews to Nisko upon San follows. Only a small part of these men was taken for a work in a concentration camp in Zarzecze, whilst the others were expelled to the places nearby the new German-Soviet border. Throughout the following years most of these men ended up in the German or Russian concentration camps, where most of them died. The article also contains some interesting memories of Jews who survived all hardships during the Second World War.

4

JEWISH CONVERTS IN KRAKÓW IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (Zydowscy konwertyci w Krakowie w 2. pol. XVII w i 1. pol. XVIII wieku)

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Kazmierczyk A.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2011

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issue 1(237)

5-35

EN

The article examines the problem of conversions of Jews to the Roman Catholic faith in Kraków, which were much more frequent than was usually assumed, even though it never assumed massive proportions. In the 17th century, there were only rare instances of baptisms of Jews in the records of Kraków area churches but in the first half of the 18th century, and in particular beginning in the 1720s, the number of desertions from Judaism grew markedly. The growth trend continued until the late 1750s, when it was suddenly reversed. The baptisms of the Jews took place first of all in Kraków's main church, the Church of Our Lady, especially when Jacek Lopacki was the Arch Presbyter, who personally christened nearly 300 people. The growth of the number of converts was not due to the Church's missionary activity, however. No special institutions were ever established that would focus on the converts from Judaism. The Kraków Church just provided some financial support to the new Christians, who tried to integrate with the Christian milieu at a rapid pace. Most of the Kraków neophytes probably deserted the Judaic faith due to poverty, although there were also some representatives of the town's elites among them. In most cases, the reasons for embracing Christianity remain unknown. Throughout that period, the Jews' baptisms were solemn ceremonies, with Polish noblemen predominating among the Godparents, including many representatives of the Wielopolski magnate family. Kraków, being an important centre and especially the see of a diocese and seat of many monasteries, attracted many converts from Malopolska region.

5

ŽIDOVSKÉ OBYVATELSTVO ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ A EMIGRACE: PŘÍČINY, ARGUMENTACE, DŮSLEDKY (LÉTA 1918 - 1939). K PROBLEMATICE ŽIDOVSKÝCH MIGRACÍ VE 20. STOLETÍ

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Soukupová B.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2022

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vol. 70

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issue 1

16 - 29

EN

During the restless 20th century, Jews from the Czech lands repeatedly faced emigration. While it was their voluntary choice during the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic until the second half of the 1930s, concerning mainly Zionists (national Jews who left for Palestine as pioneers), the emigration from respected Czechoslovakia in the course of the next years was a response to the worsening political, economic, and social possibilities. After World War II, the community faced two emigration waves (from 1945 to 1948 and after 1968). The choice after the defeat of the Prague Spring can be considered an individual decision caused by the contemporary political and social situation. The study focuses not only on the nature of these emigration waves, but mainly on an analysis of the debates on emigration conducted within the structured Jewish community. The said opinions were presented not only within Jewish, but also within Czech society where emigrants were no longer considered part of the nation, especially after the February coup. The analysis covers also the structured relationship between those who left for abroad and the ones who stayed at home.

6

THE IRISH AND JEWS: AMERICANIZATION IN THE STREETS AND ON STAGE

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Barrett J.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2009

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vol. 35

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issue 3(133)

EN

Focusing on relations between two American ethnic groups which would seem not to have much in common, the Irish and the Jews, the essay explores a process of immigrant acculturation in the streets, through the city political machine, on the vaudeville stage, and in the music and performance between 1900 and the 1930s. Although Ireland was generally thought to be a tolerant society with regard to Jews, Irish American urban communities were often characterized by a degree of anti-Semitism. Irish gangs sometimes attacked Jews in the streets and some of the popular culture representations of the Jew propagated by Irish performers were derogatory. The Tammany machine in New York integrated Jews in an effort to hold their power base in the city, though anti-Semitism resurfaced among the Irish in the face of the Great Depression. Yet both vaudeville in the early twentieth century and the Tin Pan Alley music and films of the World War One era and the 1920s depicted sympathy, attraction, and even romantic love between the two groups. Relations between the two groups suggest the full range of possibilities - from violent confrontation in the streets to political competition and cooperation, from fictional representations of one another on stage and in song to romantic love and intermarriage. In their complexity and uneven quality, these relations helped to shape a new urban culture that was the creation not of one group or another but, rather, the product of inter-ethnic acculturation.

7

The Diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi

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Grabowski J., Balint L., Engelking B.

Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials)

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2007

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vol. 3

241-283

EN

This is a fragment of the diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi, written in hiding on the 'Aryan side' in Warsaw. The diary of the Malachi couple was written in Polish in a squared-paper arithmetic notebook. It covers the period between 9 October 1942 and 30 August 1944. The first part of the diary published here (until 3 August 1943), was written by Hinda and describes the fate of both spouses since they left their home in Ostrowiec and moved to Warsaw. Hinda and Chinina Malachi survived the war and in 1947 emigrated to Israel.

8

The Theological Argumentation of the Institute's Writings for the Mission to the Jews and the Jewish Reactions to this - an Investigation on the Basis of the Institute's Correspondence

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Rymatzki C.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2006

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issue 4(220)

615-626

EN

How does the Jewish partner react to the Jews Mission of the pietists form Halle? Based on the extensive hand-written archives from August Hermann Franckes foundation in Halle/Saale, mainly the correspondence of Johann Heinrich Callenberg as leader of the Mission with the missionaries and the supporters of the mission and the Christian devotional and missionary writings is to record this: Apart from the fact that the Jewish people mostly meet with disapproval and mistreatment along the road, do the Jewish reactions that reach us show that they were aware in which spirit the scriptures were written and how they approach to the Jewish partner? Catechistic explanations in the spirit of Christian dogmatism did not receive any attention, nor did the biblical writings about the genesis of the Church, the Acts of the Apostles did not get any mention. There are more references to descriptions of the life of Jesus, but even so they remain marginal. Only the writings of the pietist Johann Müller, especially the 'Light in the evening', received any attention, were accepted and read or discussed among Jewish readers.

9

THE JEWISH POPULATION AS A FACTOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN WROCLAW UP TILL THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY (Zydzi jako czynnik procesów modernizacyjnych w dziejach Wroclawia do poczatku XIX wieku)

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Ziatkowski L.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2010

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vol. 65

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issue 3

285-295

EN

Thomas Nipperdey formulated a set of modernization features that became generally accepted in modern research of the history of Jewish communities, as distinctive attributes of the passing from 'ghetto' community to the post-emancipation society. A process of demographic revolution, elimination of illiteracy and secularization and replacing the old religious elite by 'new' intellectual elite unfolded in Wroclaw considerably earlier than, generally, within the Christian community of Europe. In the earliest period (early Piast dynasty) the presence of Jews in Wroclaw brought new laws that formalized their special status as a separated part of population. Perhaps, it was an example or a model for future solutions during so called 'colonization on the German law' or during forming the feudal system in Silesia. The Jewish community within the feudal system was treated specifically. Their position required a detailed description and, in consequence, brought new legislation. Peddling by Jews caused malfunctioning of a regulated economic system in the Middle Ages and early modern times. They were accused of unfair competition. It led to persecution and expulsion. Finally they became useful in forming modern state structures as court factors who attracted the capital and distributed lots of commodities produced in workshops. Another important factor was that the former model of building community feeling on religion became extinct, and that led to secularization of the social life. These two factors - elimination of remains of a feudal economy and secularization - constituted the main leitmotiv of European changes in 19th century. As for the beginning of 20th century, the activity of Jews in Wroclaw still requires further research on three levels proposed by Slezkine - communism (the Left), freudianism and zionism.

10

HENRYK GRYNBERG'S QUESTIONS TO GOD

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Buryla S.

Przegląd Humanistyczny

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2005

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vol. 49

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issue 4(391)

45-60

EN

The article presents one of the most crucial Polish writers raising the subject of Jewish Holocaust. The question of theodicy is analyzed here in particular. The author reconstructs the most essential questions and doubts Henryk Grynberg asks God in his works. They are all based on the philosophy and religion of Judaism. Although there are numerous Grynberg's poems which seem to deny theodicy (e.g. 'Rodowód'), the poet does not throw away faith in God. He assumes that after Auschwitz it is still better to trust the Creator than man.

11

ŽIDÉ A SLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA V PRVNÍM ROCE PO JEJÍM VZNIKU

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Pejs O.

Vojenská história

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2020

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vol. 24

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issue 1

88 - 109

EN

Since the times of autonomy in the fall of 1938, the Slovak society underwent transformations of the democratic atmosphere towards authoritarian government. One of their goals was to exclude the Jewish population from the political, economic and cultural life by gradual escalation of the discriminative measures. Following the independence of Slovakia in March 1939, a number of legal regulations were adopted, aimed at absolute isolation of the Jewish ethnicity. The author presents, how the anti-Jewish rhetoric reflected in the military environment. Slovak Army as the power institution adapted to the requirements for the radical solution to the “Jewish question” and identified the Jews as the disruptive force and undesirable element for which there is no place in the Army. Since July 1939, they proceeded to creation of the first working units composed of the soldiers of Jewish nationality in active service. Isolation of the Jewish soldiers was markedly enforced during the war campaign on Poland in late summer of 1939, when a large number of reservists were recruited. The Ministry of Interior intended to place all the Jewish men capable of work in the work camps, whereas the Slovak Army was supposed to prepare the command and guard staff for this purpose. The intention of the Ministry of Interior was not successfully implemented. The new Military Service Act of January 1940 excluded Jews from the Slovak military forces and subjected them to work duty.

12

THE BUILDING OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE IN Ostroleka (1846 – approx. 1870) (Sprawa budowy Wielkiej Synagogi w Ostrolece 1846 - ok. 1870)

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Mironczuk J.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2010

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issue 4(236)

463-475

EN

The article concerns the construction of a brick shrine, called the Great Synagogue, in Ostroleka in the mid-19th century; an earlier wooden shrine was destroyed in a battle fought within the November 1830 Uprising. The decision to build the place of worship was made in 1846. Initially, financial problems faced by the Jewish community made it impossible to complete the undertaking within a short period of time. A detailed inventory of the materials and workmanship required, made in 1858, as well as the cost estimate, pointed to the shortfall of the accumulated funds. However, the gradual growth of prosperity and determination of Ostroleka's Jewry made is possible to complete the job. The Great Synagogue only survived until 1915, when it was destroyed during fighting between the German and the Russian forces.

13

JEWISH YOUTH IN KATOWICE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNTIL 1939 (Mlodziez zydowska w katowickich szkolach powszechnych i srednich do 1939 roku)

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Lusek J.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2011

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issue 3(239)

327-346

EN

The Jewish religious school in Katowice was established in 1860 and was taken over by the municipality in 1875. Then the Jewish community set up the Private Hebrew Teaching Establishment in order to provide additional language and religion tuition. In subsequent years, Jewish youth also formed a significant group of secondary and higher school students in Katowice. After the end of World War I, together with Katowice becoming part of the Polish state, the system of schools run by religious unions was rebuilt. In 1926, the Berek Joselewicz Jewish school was opened. The educational offer also included the Talmud Tora School, the Hebrew Research Centre and the classes organized within the framework of the Jewish Youth Organization. Until the outbreak of World War II, Jewish youth also studied in general Catholic and Evangelical primary and secondary schools.

14

DEPORTÁCIE ŽIDOVSKÉHO OBYVATEĽSTVA ZO SLOVENSKA V ROKU 1942: ORGANIZÁCIA, PRIEBEH, DÔSLEDKY

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Hlavinka J.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2022

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vol. 70

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issue 1

31 - 47

EN

In the period from the 25th March to the 20th October 1942, around 57,700 Jews were deported from the Ludak Slovak Republic to the Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Around 39,000 persons were transported to the Lublin Area where the Reinhardt Operation had been launched, and another 18,700 Jews were taken to the Auschwitz Nazi concentration and extermination camp. The so-called first wave of the deportations of Jews from Slovakia was the culmination of the years-long systemic anti-Jewish policy of the Ludak regime. The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the first wave of deportations of Slovak Jews from Slovakia. It explores the motivations of the initiators and organisers of deportations, their organisation and different stages, and briefly covers the locations (places of destination of the transports) at which Slovak Jews found after the deportation. This issue was until recently absent from Slovak scientific literature (mainly when it comes to the Lublin Area).

15

Julius Cassianus, Pseudo-Thallus, and the Identity of ‘Cassius Longinus’ in the Chronogaraphia of Eusebius

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Kokkinos N.

Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia

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2010

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vol. 8

15-28

EN

Eusebius' Chronika was a remarkable achievement in the field of ancient chronography, not least as the conclusion of extensive research running since the beginning of the Hellenistic period. It was a double work, composed some time before AD 311 and expanded shortly after AD 325. The first part, now usually called Chronographia, was a detailed introduction, aiming at collecting the raw material from all sources then available, and setting out the plan of the project. The second part, known as Kanones (Chronikoi Kanones), which carried its own preface, was a grand exposition (utilising the data of the first part) in the form of a table consisting of up to nine parallel columns to be read across, thus presenting a synchronistic universal history at a glance.1 Only fragments survive of the Greek original, primarily in George the Syncellus (ca. AD 800) and an anonymous excerptor (known as 'Excerpta Eusebiana' from a MS of the 15th century AD). But we have a nearly complete Armenian translation (earliest copy ca. 13th century AD), a Latin translation of the second part by Jerome (with his own preface and extended to AD 380/1), as well as two Syriac epitomes, one of which is believed to have been compiled by Joshua the Stylite (8th century AD), and other witnesses including two very early Arab chroniclers, one being Agapius of Hierapolis, ca. AD 942.

16

The Hasmoneans and the Religious Homogeneity of Their State

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Dabrowa E.

Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia

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2010

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vol. 8

7-14

EN

The conquest of the Near East by Alexander of Macedon began a new era in the history of this region. This pregnant event was quite differently perceived and judged by contemporaries in conquered lands, Palestine among them. To those, the Macedonian's victory over the Persians meant little more than one hegemonist replacing another. It must have been with concern, or perhaps with hope, that they awaited possible changes under the new political arrangement. We know little about Alexander's direct rule over Palestine, but the historical evidence we have suggests that the behavior of local populations in the area did not always meet the expectations of Macedonian conquerors. One example may be seen in the attitude of the Jerusalem Temple's high priest, who, despite Alexander's superiority at arms, firmly declared his loyalty to the Persian king (Jos. AJ 11, 317-319), while some in Samaria's elites chose to follow their self-interest and did not hesitate to join the conqueror (Jos. AJ 11, 321-324, 340-345). Although local elites and communities declared their willingness to cooperate with the Macedonian monarch, there were no avoiding tensions and conflicts between locals and newcomers. One such instance was a mutiny in Samaria city against the Macedonians, during which the Syrian governor Andromachus was killed. In retaliation, the rebellion was quenched in blood and Macedonian settlers were brought into Samaria.

17

GRÉCKOKATOLÍCKA CIRKEV A ŽIDIA NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 1939 – 1945

100%

Borza P.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2017

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vol. 65

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issue 3

493 – 513

EN

Greek Catholics and Jews in the years 1939 – 1945 involuntarily found themselves in opposition to the wartime Slovak Republic facing unfair anti-Semitic and national politics. Both communities were affected by restrictive measures to different extents but for the Jews they had tragic consequences. Christian faith, disapproval of the anti-Semitic policy of the ruling regime, and especially the publicly declared attitude and concrete actions of the Bishop of Prešov Pavel Peter Gojdič led many Greek Catholics to render assistance to racially persecuted people. Despite the considerable lapse of time and the nature of research problems, combination of the preserved Church and State archival documents with the testimonies of the rescued and their descendants gathered by the oral history method, we succeeded in reconstructing the attitudes and activities of the Greek Catholic Church in favour of the Jews.

18

ZAPOMENUTÁ ELITA. NOBILITACE ŽIDŮ V RAKOUSKÉM CÍSAŘSTVÍ

100%

Županič J.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2017

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vol. 65

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issue 1

47 – 78

EN

The aim of the study is to summarize the development of the Jewish nobility, which meant people of Jewish religion or origin in the Danubian Monarchy and especially to identify specific features of their ennoblement. It covers the development of the granting of noble titles to these persons and attempts to identify the main milestones of ennoblement. It also compares the ennoblement policies of the Austrian and Prussian monarchs in relation to individuals of Jewish religion and origin.

19

THE CONCEALED HOME (Dom ukryty)

100%

Paulsson S. G.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2010

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vol. 64

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issue 2-3(289-290)

78-83

EN

The author considers problems developed in his Secret City: the Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945. Here, the question of the home mingles with the biography of the author and his mother.

20

CULTURAL ACTIVITY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN LOWER SILESIA (Dzialalnosc kulturalna spolecznosci zydowskiej na Dolnym Slasku)

88%

Szydzisz M.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2011

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issue 1(237)

65-90

EN

The article looks at post-war cultural activity of the Jewish population in Lower Silesia, focusing on the activity of the organizations representing that minority. It describes the activity of a Jewish theatre, which played an especially important role for the region's Jews, and also reviews the problems of Jewish publishing businesses and their significance to the Jewish population of Wroclaw voivodship. The article also looks as the activity of Jewish clubs, first attached to Jewish committees, then to branches of the Social and Cultural Associations of Jews (TSKZ. It describes the development and subsequent decline of the activity of amateur Jewish troupes, which contributed to the life of this community in even some tiny Jewish concentrations in the region. The last segment concerns the operations of Jewish libraries, which also flourished for a period before going into decline. All the areas of the Jews' activity are presented against the background of problems affecting that community, such as emigration, manifestations of anti-Semitism, the policies of the communist authorities.

Refine search results

“Consensual Dictatorship” (Zustimmungsdiktatur) And “Community Of The People” (Volksgemeinschaft). Some Reflections On The Interaction Between Nazi State And German Society In The Persecution Of The Jews After 1933

“UNRELIABLE ELEMENTS”. PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS OF JEWISH ORIGIN IN THE SLOVAK ARMY AFTER 1939

Směr Nisko nad Sanem: první organizované deportace Židů z Vídně

JEWISH CONVERTS IN KRAKÓW IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (Zydowscy konwertyci w Krakowie w 2. pol. XVII w i 1. pol. XVIII wieku)

ŽIDOVSKÉ OBYVATELSTVO ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ A EMIGRACE: PŘÍČINY, ARGUMENTACE, DŮSLEDKY (LÉTA 1918 - 1939). K PROBLEMATICE ŽIDOVSKÝCH MIGRACÍ VE 20. STOLETÍ

THE IRISH AND JEWS: AMERICANIZATION IN THE STREETS AND ON STAGE

The Diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi

The Theological Argumentation of the Institute's Writings for the Mission to the Jews and the Jewish Reactions to this - an Investigation on the Basis of the Institute's Correspondence

THE JEWISH POPULATION AS A FACTOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN WROCLAW UP TILL THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY (Zydzi jako czynnik procesów modernizacyjnych w dziejach Wroclawia do poczatku XIX wieku)

HENRYK GRYNBERG'S QUESTIONS TO GOD

ŽIDÉ A SLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA V PRVNÍM ROCE PO JEJÍM VZNIKU

THE BUILDING OF THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE IN Ostroleka (1846 – approx. 1870) (Sprawa budowy Wielkiej Synagogi w Ostrolece 1846 - ok. 1870)

JEWISH YOUTH IN KATOWICE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNTIL 1939 (Mlodziez zydowska w katowickich szkolach powszechnych i srednich do 1939 roku)

DEPORTÁCIE ŽIDOVSKÉHO OBYVATEĽSTVA ZO SLOVENSKA V ROKU 1942: ORGANIZÁCIA, PRIEBEH, DÔSLEDKY

Julius Cassianus, Pseudo-Thallus, and the Identity of ‘Cassius Longinus’ in the Chronogaraphia of Eusebius

The Hasmoneans and the Religious Homogeneity of Their State

GRÉCKOKATOLÍCKA CIRKEV A ŽIDIA NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 1939 – 1945

ZAPOMENUTÁ ELITA. NOBILITACE ŽIDŮ V RAKOUSKÉM CÍSAŘSTVÍ

THE CONCEALED HOME (Dom ukryty)

CULTURAL ACTIVITY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN LOWER SILESIA (Dzialalnosc kulturalna spolecznosci zydowskiej na Dolnym Slasku)