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LONG JOURNEY OF MILTON’S “PARADISE LOST” INTO THE SLAVIC WORLD

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Andričík M.
World Literature Studies
|
2021
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vol. 13
|
issue 3
68 - 80
EN
The paper attempts to map translations of Milton’s “Paradise Lost” into Slavic languages and its place in their cultures from the first Russian and Polish editions to the latest Ukrainian and Slovak ones. The survey shows the shift in the translation method from the earliest prose renderings, usually from other translations, to newer editions with translations in verse. Due to typological differences between languages, especially in semantic density, some translations were substantially longer in comparison with the original. Various types of verse as a replacement of Milton’s blank verse were adopted, depending on the tradition of the target language. From the point of view of contemporary translation studies, corrections of Milton or omissions from the text due to the personal denomination of the translator, as we can see in some earlier Russian or Polish editions, are unacceptable. Attention is paid also to two Czech translations by Josef Jungmann (1811) and Josef Julius David (1911) that have served as a substitution for the non-existing Slovak translation up to the present. Stemming from a typological difference between English and Slavic languages, the paper raises prosodic, semantic, and semiotic problems of translation.
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Doktryna „wolnego rynku idei“. Geneza, ewolucja oraz praktyczne zastowanie

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Biłgorajski A.
Z Dziejów Prawa
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2011
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vol. 4(12)
111-134
EN
Many arguments were used to account for the postulate of granting an individual the broad- est scope of the freedom of expression. Among them, a predominating and most pertinacious was a hypothesis that a free speech is especially precious as it leads to the revelation of the truth. The latter, however, will be brought to light when all the opinions are clearly expressed under the circumstances of a free and unregulated marketplace of ideas. A doctrine of a free marketplace of ideas, the beginning of which dates back to 1644, re- mains the most significant form of specification of the idea of the freedom of speech. It shapes international standards of speech freedom, not only in the world of the Western culture. The supreme courts in democratic countries (including the Polish Constitutional Tribune) refer to it, justifying their adjudications in cases in which the heart of the matter concerns the freedom of expression. It has been so despite numerous voices of criticism addressed at the doctrine in ques- tion for at least several dozen years. In the light of the above-mentioned, it seems necessary and intentional to present the origins, evolution and a practical application of a doctrine of “a free marketplace of ideas”.
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