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EN
The article focuses on the survey of Jan Grzegorzewski’s Karaite-related materials kept in the archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. The article also analyzes the biography and contribution to the field of Karaite studies of Jan Grzegorzewski (1846/9-1922), one of the earliest students of the Karaim language in Europe. Quite an eccentric person, Grzegorzewski was at the same time traveller, litterateur, Slavicist, and Orientalist. Although some academicians (e.g. T. Kowalski) have expressed their scepticism about Grzegorzewski’s scholarly activity, there is no doubt that his Karaitica articles remain highly significant contribution to the field of the history of the Karaim language and folklore. Jan Grzegorzewski’s archival collection contains varied materials such as ethnographic and linguistic data, fairy-tales, proverbs, poetry, letters, drafts of articles, statistics, and official documents. Some interesting documents from Grzegorzewski’s collection are published as appendices at the end of the article.
PL
Bulgarians and Bulgaria in the last quarter of the 19th century in the publications of Jan Grzegorzewski (internal policy, foreign policy)AbstractThe period of five-century “Turkish yoke” of the Bulgarian lands brought up many deep and multifaceted changes in almost all areas of social life. The Bulgarian population, pushed aside on the margin of social life and deprived of almost all public rights, were unable to reconstruct their elites, destroyed physically and ideologically during the Turkish invasion of the Balkans. And it was for this reason that on the threshold of independence the Bulgarians had only a handful of people prepared to lead the nation and to perform a public service both on a local and national scale. The issue became especially important after Bulgaria regained its statehood in 1878, and social and economic problems of the young state were aggravated by the rivalry of the great powers fighting for influence in this part of Europe, which effectively attracted the attention of developing political milieux. This caused never-ending disputes within the Bulgarian political circles between supporters of a rapprochement with the West and advocates of closer relations with Russia, which, in turn, led not only to numerous political crises, but also implied changes in the highest levels of the government. Only the utmost determination did make it possible for the Bulgarians to overcome internal political problems and to make Bulgaria the leader of other Balkan countries already in the early 19th century. Those complex processes were observed, described and commented upon by Jan Grzegorzewski, and his texts are a perfect source of knowledge both for historians, and other scholars. Болгары и Болгария в последней четверти XIX в. в публикациях Яна Гжегожевского (внутренняя и внешняя политика)Период пятисотлетнего турецкого ига болгарских земель вызвало глубокие и многоаспектные перемены почти во всех сферах тамошней общественной жизни. Болгары, столкнутые на обочину и лишенные почти всех публичных прав, были не в состоянии предпринять действия по восстановлению своей элиты, которая была физически или идеологически уничтожена еще во время вторжения турок на Балканы. Из-за чего на пороге обретения независимости болгарский народ имел в распоряжении лишь горстку людей, подготовленных к лидерству и несении государственной службы, как в местном, так и в общегосударственном масштабе. Эта проблема приобрела особенное значение после реактивации болгарской государственности в 1878 г., когда на трудности общественного и экономического характера, скопившиеся перед молодым государством, наложилось тогдашнее соперничество держав за сферы влияний в этой части Европы, которое эффективно поглощало внимание только что создававшихся политических сред. Такое положение вещей приводило в Болгарии к бесконечным спорам между сторонниками сближения с Западом и сторонниками укрепления отношений с Россией, что обернулось не только многочисленными политическими кризисами, но и повлекло за собой изменения в высших эшелонах власти. Лишь необычная решительность в стремлении к национальным целям позволила болгарам не только одолеть внутренние политические проблемы, но и уже в начале XX в. сделать свою страну лидером среди других балканских государств. За этими сложными процессами наблюдал, описывал и комментировал Ян Гжегожевский, а его работы являются отличным источником знаний, как для историков, так и для представителей других научных дисциплин.
RU
Jan Grzegorzewski (ok. 1846-1922) był publicystą i badaczem. Studiował slawistykę w Odessie. Od 1870 przebywał we Lwowie, Stambule, Bułgarii, Krakowie, Zakopanem. Prowadził w Sofii Instytut Hyacinteum (1904-1915). Ostatnie lata życia (1916-1922) spędził w Polsce. Badał folklor Spisza i Podhala. Publikował prace popularne i naukowe. Dzięki otrzymaniu subsydium z Kasy im. Mianowskiego, wraz z orientalistami A. Gawrońskim, W. Kotwiczem i J. Rozwadowskim, rozpoczął wydawanie naukowego periodyku „Rocznik Orientalistyczny (t.1, 1914-1918). Był współzałożycielem Polskiego Towarzystwa Orientalistycznego (1922). Opublikował dokumenty dotyczące stosunków polsko-tatarskich w XVII-XVIII w. Lata 1920-1922 poświęcił badaniu kultury i języka Karaimów w Haliczu. Dużo zebranych materiałów pozostawił w rękach wykształconych Karaimów halickich. Zachowane we Lwowie i Haliczu papiery po J. Grzegorzewskim zbadał T. Kowalski (1934). Mają one dużą wartość naukową.
EN
Jan Grzegorzewski (c. 1846-1922) was a journalist and researcher. He studied Slavonic philology in Odessa. From 1870 he lived in Lviv, Istanbul, Bulgaria, Krakow and in Zakopane. He was director of the Hyacinteum Institute in Sofia (1904-1915) and spent the last years of his life (1916-1922) in Poland. He explored Highland and Spisz folklore. He published popular and scientific articles. After being awarded a grant from the Mianowski Fund, he together with orientalists A. Gawroński W. Kotwicz and J. Rozwadowski began publishing an academic periodical called the Oriental Yearbook (v.1, 1914-1918). He was a co-founder of the Polish Society of Oriental Studies (1922) and published a number of papers on Polish-Tartar relations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He devoted the years 1920-1922 to studying the culture and language of the Karaites in Halicz. We have managed to collect a great deal of material that had remained in the hands of skilled Karaites from Halicz. The documents left by J. Grzegorzewski and preserved in Lviv and Halicz were later examined by T. Kowalski (1934). They are of high academic value.
PL
The seizure of the Bulgarian lands by the Turks at the end of the 14th century brought up many deep and multifaceted changes for the Bulgarians. It marked the end not only of their flourishing state, which at times had counterbalanced the Byzantine Empire, but mainly of their political elites which would provide the foundations for their struggle for independence. For this reason, with the lapse of time, Bulgarian rural population, burdened with draconian obligations and pushed aside on the margin of social life, sank deeper and deeper in apathy, growing in impotence. A change in the situation occurred only at the turn of the 19th century, when a process of national revival began in the Bulgarian lands. Not only did the process revive a national spirit in the Bulgarians and motivate them to fight, but also filled them with a sense of dignity, which made it possible for them soon after they regained independence to place their country at the lead of the region. Those dynamic changes were observed by the outstanding and excellent Polish Slavic philologist and Orientalists Jan Grzegorzewski during his voyages throughout the Bulgarian lands; all his observations and impressions he described in several books and essays published in popular papers and periodicals. The image of Bulgaria of the end of the 19th century has been still a valuable source of information both for historians and for other scholars.
PL
Jan Grzegorzewski, wybitny polski slawista i orientalista odbył na przełomie wieków XIX i XX. kilka podróży po Bałkanach. W ich trakcie dokonał wnikliwych obserwacji miejscowych stosunków społecznych, politycznych i ekonomicznych, z których wnioski zawarł w kilku opublikowanych na przełomie XIX i XX w. książkach i artykułach. Miejsce szczególne w jego pracy badawczej zajmowała Bułgaria. Niniejszy artykuł jest prezentacją obrazu tego kraju postrzeganego przez autora przez pryzmat trzech głównych, podjętych w jego pracach wątków – kultury, społeczeństwa i gospodarki.
EN
Jan Grzegorzewski, an outstanding Polish Slavic philologist and Orientalists, made at the turn of the 20th century several voyages throughout the Balkans. During his trips he made careful and detailed observations of local social, political and economic relations, and publicised the conclusions in several of his books and articles published at the end of the 19th and early 20th century. Special place in his research work was occupied by Bulgaria. The purpose of this study is to present the image of this country as seen by Grzegorzewski through the prism of three central themes brought up in his texts: culture, society and economy.
PL
Bulgarians and Bulgaria in the Last Quarter of the 19th Century in Jan Grzegorzewski’s Publications (Internal Policy, Foreign Policy)The period of five-century “Turkish yoke” of the Bulgarian lands brought up many deep and multifaceted changes in almost all areas of social life. The Bulgarian population, pushed aside on the margin of social life and deprived of almost all public rights, were unable to reconstruct their elites, destroyed physically and ideologically during the Turkish invasion of the Balkans. And it was for this reason that on the threshold of independence the Bulgarians had only a handful of people prepared to lead the nation and to perform a public service both on a local and national scale. The issue became especially important after Bulgaria regained its statehood in 1878, and social and economic problems of the young state were aggravated by the rivalry of the great powers fighting for influence in this part of Europe, which effectively attracted the attention of developing political milieux. This caused never-ending disputes within the Bulgarian political circles between supporters of a rapprochement with the West and advocates of closer relations with Russia, which, in turn, led not only to numerous political crises, but also implied changes in the highest levels of the government. Only the utmost determination did make it possible for the Bulgarians to overcome internal political problems and to make Bulgaria the leader of other Balkan countries already in the early 19th century. Those complex processes were observed, described and commented upon by Jan Grzegorzewski, and his texts are a perfect source of knowledge both for historians, and other scholars. Болгары и Болгария в последней четверти XIX в. в публикациях Яна Гжегожевского (внутренняя и внешняя политика)Период пятисотлетнего турецкого ига болгарских земель вызвало глубокие и многоаспектные перемены почти во всех сферах тамошней общественной жизни. Болгары, столкнутые на обочину и лишенные почти всех публичных прав, были не в состоянии предпринять действия по восстановлению своей элиты, которая была физически или идеологически уничтожена еще во время вторжения турок на Балканы. Из-за чего на пороге обретения независимости болгарский народ имел в распоряжении лишь горстку людей, подготовленных к лидерству и несении государственной службы, как в местном, так и в общегосударственном масштабе. Эта проблема приобрела особенное значение после реактивации болгарской государственности в 1878 г., когда на трудности общественного и экономического характера, скопившиеся перед молодым государством, наложилось тогдашнее соперничество держав за сферы влияний в этой части Европы, которое эффективно поглощало внимание только что создававшихся политических сред. Такое положение вещей приводило в Болгарии к бесконечным спорам между сторонниками сближения с Западом и сторонниками укрепления отношений с Россией, что обернулось не только многочисленными политическими кризисами, но и повлекло за собой изменения в высших эшелонах власти. Лишь необычная решительность в стремлении к национальным целям позволила болгарам не только одолеть внутренние политические проблемы, но и уже в начале XX в. сделать свою страну лидером среди других балканских государств. За этими сложными процессами наблюдал, описывал и комментировал Ян Гжегожевский, а его работы являются отличным источником знаний, как для историков, так и для представителей других научных дисциплин.
EN
The article is devoted to the early history of “Rocznik Orientalistyczny”, the oldest Polish journal in the field of Oriental Studies. It was founded by a group of Polish scholars: Andrzej Gawroński, Jan Grzegorzewski, Władysław Kotwicz, Jan Rozwadowski and Tadeusz Kowalski. The first volume was published in 1915, but only the second one was attributed to the Polish Oriental Society, founded in 1923. The first seat of the editorial office was Lwów (until 1949), the second – Cracow (utill 1953), and from 1953 (until now) – Warsaw. The Polish Oriental Society was the editor of RO until 1953 (17 volumes). Since that year it has been edited by the Polish Academy of Sciences, currently by the Committee for Oriental Studies.
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