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EN
The article analyzes spatial represenatation of New York as presented in Janusz Głowacki’s works after his decision to emigrate in 1981. The literary assimilation of space is realized through three narrative strategies, i.e. stereotyping, walking, and naming/writing mode. The author of the article proposes geopoetic, anthropological, and sociological reading of his various texts (autobiography, essays, short stories, and dramas).
EN
The article proposes a revaluation of the category of “Translation” and “Retranslation” from the perspective of the translatological culture code. On the basis of Præludier, a novel about Frédéric Chopin written by Peer Hultberg, the author illustrates why and how the process of translating cultural phenomena can be coded by a writerat different levels of the original language. The target text, a traditional translation, becomes in such a case an aesthetic Retranslation. The other example presents different ways in which the translation process is no longer coded at the level of language, buta universal myth, which is adapted to the consciousness and mentality of the recipients, such as those of a play “Antigone in New York”, written by Janusz Głowacki. In this case, the category of traditional translation is scarcely based on the original language of the text. The play itself is a translation of the Antigone myth and the following language versions illustrate a Retranslation at the level of the myth’s transcultural appeal.
EN
This paper concerns translatory, theatrical etc. transfer in different theatre landscapes (especially the United States of America, the German-speaking countries,Russia and France), from the beginning of the 1980s to the first decade of the 21st century. The playwright is Janusz Głowacki (1938), one of the internationally most frequently staged Polish playwrights of the last decades. Of specific interest is the American theatre landscape – “between art and trade“ – in which Głowacki “reinvented“ and “promoted“ himself as a playwright: changing the textual make-up of his plays in reference to his translators, theatrical experience (specific stagings), new political circumstances etc. Consequently, there is no canonic, binding textual basis for translators. The production of drama and drama translation proceeds in a way that the traditional difference between source and target text is abolished. This case of “circular transfer” takes place in Głowacki’s first longer play, Kopciuch (Cinders) and his internationally most frequently staged play, Antygona w Nowym Jorku (Antigone in New York).
EN
In this article, describing the two contemporary dramas written by European writers (Glowacki, Loher), the author is paying a particular attention to the two women that were listed in the titles of these dramas-Antigone and Medea. Both were placed in the neo-contemporary re-reading of their antique prototypes (written by Sophocles and Euripides), now both of them are residents of New York City, illegal immigrants with a baggage of tragic life events, they are defeated in the world of new ideas and plans. Multiethnic New York City, a “promised land” for the thousands of immigrants, portrayed by the two dramatists, appears to be a lost paradise, a cursed place, metropolis that is ruled by the tough business laws. Both protagonists fail, they lose paramount principles: hope and love.
PL
W omawianych w artykule dramatach współczesnych europejskich pisarzy (Głowacki, Loher) szczególną uwagę autorka kieruje na tytułowe postaci kobiece – Antygonę i Medeę, które, w uwspółcześnionej re-lekturze ich antycznych pierwowzorów (Sofokles i Eurypides), są mieszkankami Nowego Jorku, nielegalnymi emigrantkami z bagażem tragicznych przeżyć, ponoszącymi klęskę także w świecie nowych nadziei i planów. Multietniczny Nowy York, „ziemia obiecana” dla tysięcy emigrantów, sportretowany przez dramatopisarzy, jawi się jako raj utracony, miejsce przeklęte, metropolia rządząca się bezwzględnymi prawami rynku. Obydwie protagonistki przegrywają, tracąc wartości nadrzędne: nadzieję i miłość.
DE
Bei der Analyse der im vorliegenden Beitrag behandelten zeitgenössischen Theaterstücke der namhaften europäischen Dramatiker (Głowacki, Loher) legt die Autorin des Textes ihr besonderes Augenmerk auf die weiblichen Titelfiguren: Antigone und Medea. Die Protagonistinnen, in der aktualisierten Re-Lektüre ihrer antiken Vorlagen (Sophokles und Euripides), sind Einwohnerinnen von New York, illegale Einwanderinnen mit Last der Vergangenheit, die in der „neuen“ Welt ihrer Pläne und Hoffnungen eine Niederlage zu erleiden haben. Die multiethnische Metropole, das Gelobte Land für Exilanten und Emigranten, wird in den beiden Stücken zum verlorenen Paradies, zur Stätte der Verdammnis, in der das Geld regiert und der Ankömmling nicht wahrgenommen wird. Die beiden Protagonistinnen scheitern, indem sie um die wichtigsten Werte, Liebe und Hoffnung, gebracht werden.
EN
Janusz Głowacki’s internationally acclaimed tragicomedy inspired by Sophocles’ Antigone has been the subject of intense debate and misinterpretations. The article aims to demonstrate that the play was primarily written in Polish, and that the English version is an adaptation/rewriting made by the author in collaboration with the American screenwriter Joan Torres. Furthermore, it shows that the English version was created while the writing of the Polish text was still in progress, so that the former influenced and left clear traces in the latter, questioning the traditional hierarchy between the original and the translated or adapted text.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy uwieńczonej największym sukcesem sztuki teatralnej Janusza Głowackiego – Antygony w Nowym Jorku. Tragikomedia, po raz pierwszy wydana w 1992 roku, przetłumaczona na wiele języków i przedstawiona w wielu krajach, zawiera szeroką ofertę kreacji sensu scenicznego: oprócz referencji do tragedii Sofoklesa są tu aktualne tematy jak temat migracji, bezdomności, ekscesów społeczeństwa konsumpcyjnego i inne. Porównane między sobą wersje dramatu – polska, angielska i niemiecka – wykazują znaczne dywergencje. Przy tym różnice w recepcji owej sztuki teatralnej wynikają nie tylko ze zmian w samym tekście, lecz również z indywidualnej, subiektywnej kondycji czytelników i widzów teatralnych (z ogólnej kompetencji kulturowej, kraju pochodzenia itd.), a również ze zmian politycznych na początku XXI stulecia.
EN
This paper concerns Janusz Głowacki’s up to now most successful theatre play – Antigone in New York. The tragicomedy, published for the first time in 1992, translated into many languages and performed in many countries, contains wide offer for the creation of theatrical sense: besides references to Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, there are several topical themes such as migration, homelessness, excesses of consumer society etc. Compared to one another, all three language versions of the play (Polish, English and German) show remarkable diversification. The differences in reception of the play stem not only from change in the text itself but also from personal, subjective conditions of readers and theatre-goers alike (i.e., concerning general cultural competence, the country of origin etc.), and also from political change in the beginning of the 21th century.
DE
Dieser Beitrag gilt dem bislang erfolgreichsten Theaterstück von Janusz Głowacki – Antygona w Nowym Jorku (Antigone in New York). Die 1992 erstmals gedruckte, in viele Sprachen übersetzte und in vielen Ländern gespielte Tragikomödie enthält ein breites Angebot zur Schaffung von theatralem Sinn: Neben Bezügen zur Tragödie des Sophokles stehen kohärente aktuelle Themen wie Migration, Obdachlosigkeit, Exzesse der Konsumgesellschaft u. a. Die drei hier miteinander verglichenen Versionen des Stücks, die polnische, englische und deutsche, weisen eine bemerkenswerte Diversifizierung auf. Unterschiede in der Rezeption des Stückes sind dabei nicht allein durch Änderungen am Text, sondern auch durch die persönlichen, subjektiven Bedingungen der Leser und Theaterbesucher (allgemeine kulturelle Kompetenz, Herkunftsland etc.) und auch durch politische Veränderungen im 21. Jhd. gegeben.
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