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PL
Artykuł przedstawia rozwój japońskiej doktryny pan azjatyckiej zakładającej utworzenie wielkiej strefy wspólnego dobrobytu we Wschodniej Azji. Po okresie izolacji państwa, likwidacji szogunatu Tokugawy i dogłębnych reformach Cesarstwo Wielkiej Japonii wyrosło na głównego gracza na arenie międzynarodowej. Wchodząc w okres rewolucji przemysłowej, Japonia zaczęła rywalizować z mocarstwami kolonialnymi o wpływy we Wschodniej Azji, co doprowadziło w ostateczności do otwartego konfliktu w latach 1937–1945. Ze względu na złożone założenia ideologiczne, gospodarcze, społeczne i kulturowe leżące u podstaw koncepcji utworzenia niezależnego bloku wyzwolonych państw azjatyckich pod przewodnictwem Cesarstwa Wielkiej Japonii idea ta nie doczekała się kontynuacji w najnowszej historii Dalekiego Wschodu, wywierając znaczący wpływ na dalszy proces dekolonizacji.
EN
The article presents the historical evolution of the Japanese pan-Asian doctrine in the form of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. After breaking the state isolation, overthrowing the Tokugawa shogunate and thorough reforms, the Empire of Japan has become a major player in the international arena. Entering the era of the industrial revolution, the Japanese started the rivalry with the colonial powers for domination in East Asia, thus finally leading to open hostilities in 1937–1945. Due to complicated ideological, legal, economic, social and cultural foundations of the concept of creating an independent bloc of liberated Asian countries under the leadership of the Empire of Japan, it was a unique idea in the modern history of Far East that had a huge impact on further decolonialisation.
EN
The main goal of this article is to present the historical development of the kokutai doctrine (pol. national policy), which emerged in the Empire of Japan in 1867–1945 and which was one of the ideological foundations of the Japanese internal and foreign policy. Its formulation and subsequent consolidation in the form of legal regulations is closely related to the period of modernization and rivalry with the European colonial powers and the United States for influence on the political map of East Asia. The kokutai doctrine embodies concepts such as chauvinism, nationalism, racism, militarism, expansionism and statism. Attempts to put them into practice led to the outbreak of the World War Two in the Pacific and the total defeat of Japan against the Allies.
EN
The Bumpy Road to Independence – Vietnam in 1940–1945 The purpose of the article is the presentation of the most important facts concerning the situation in Vietnam in 1940–1945 with particular focus on the independence efforts of the population of that country ended in a partial success in the form of proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in September 1945. The text includes, among others, the geopolitical importance of the French Indochina in the context of the War on the Pacific, the policies of the colonial administration, Japan’ s activities aimed at taking the control over Vietnam, the activity of the local communist movement and the role of the United States in setting in motion the process of decolonisation of the Indochinese Peninsula.
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