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EN
Starting with references to sacred texts (Torah, Talmud) and the notion that Judaism is constituted by a line of texts and not of blood, I move on to the heterodoxy that, among other aspects, links Borges with Kafka and ways of reading them through their links with philosophy, mathematics, architecture, Judaism, tradition and, especially, through their subversive questioning of all that is.
PL
The article presents the remarks made while reading the short story The Judgement by Franz Kafka. The author does not undertake discussion with the model interpretations of the work widely accepted by critics, but he refers to some suggestions and opinions which Kafka left in his correspondence and a diary. Due to them, the interpretation regarding connections of Kafka’s works with the kabbalah mysticism, present in today’s Kafkology, can be undertaken. Here the model work is Kafka and Kabbalah by Erich Grözinger.
EN
Os Leopardos de Kafka (2000) and O Centauro no Jardim (1980) by Moacyr Scliar are fictions which compel us to think about the processes of hybridization nesting in every border crossing (linguistic and corporal) when diasporic subjects abandon consolidated values and put into play the notion of belonging. This essay investigates the intertextual relations between the two authors and highlights how the deterritorialized condition of Kafka’s writing and the metamorphosis which informs all translation-interpretation constitute a fertile perspective from which to approach Scliar’s novels.
EN
„My name is Nobody” — says Odysseus in Homer’s epic and these words deliver him from death. On the one hand, both the name and the very act of speech constitute a proof of existence of the speaker, on the other hand, however, its existence is undermined by the negation implied by the very notion of „nobody”. Unclear ontological/referential connotations of „nobody” evoke textual effects that are based on the notions of indeterminacy and self-reference — two basic constituents of every figure of thought referred to as paradox. Thus, it seems hardly surprising that Kafka explores the potentiality of this life-saving wordplay. The theme of nobody is deeply rooted in the binary logic, but, also, attempts to exceed its limits. Exceeding these limits is encouraged in every excursion to Kafka’s realm.
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L’ABSURDE, UN MIROIR DU DÉSACCORD AVEC LE MONDE

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EN
Originating in existentialism, the absurd is a response offered by the analysis of the existence in the works of Franz Kafka and Dino Buzzati. The 20th century was a century of great innovations in the field of literature, of philosophy, of the arts in general. The preoccupation for the human condition is a form of responsibility for the human destiny. The elements invading Josef K. and Giovanni Drogo’s lives (the characters in The Trial and The Desert of the Tartars) all of a sudden are more powerful than their will; therefore their tragic end is explained not by the fact that they are guilty, but by their not being able to justify their existence.
PL
Punktem wyjścia niniejszego artykułu dotyczącego tłumaczenia literackiego i jego ograniczeń jest fakt, że tłumacz zawsze pozostawia ślady w swoim produkcie. Zaobserwowane zjawisko jest omawiane z różnych punktów widzenia: z pozycji deskryptywnych studiów tłumaczeniowych, z perspektywy kulturowo-literackiej oraz z punktu widzenia tłumacza-praktyka. Szczególną uwagę poświęca się adnotacjom i innym dodatkom w tłumaczeniu. Artykuł zamyka studium przypadku, w którym za materiał do analizy posłużył Proces Franza Kafki.
EN
The basic assumption of this article on literary translation and translation constraints, is that a translator always leaves traces in his product. This observation is discussed from various angles: from the position of descriptive translation studies, from a cultural-literary perspective, and from the practitioner’s point of view. Special attention is devoted to annotation and other additions. The article ends with a case study on Kafka’s Der Process.
NL
Het uitgangspunt van dit artikel over literaire vertaling en vertaalbeperkingen is dat een vertaler altijd sporen achterlaat in zijn product. Deze observatie wordt vanuit verschillende invalshoeken besproken: vanuit de positie van beschrijvende vertaalstudies, vanuit een cultureel-literair perspectief en vanuit het oogpunt van de beoefenaar. Speciale aandacht wordt besteed aan annotaties en andere toevoegingen. Het artikel eindigt met een case study over Kafka’s Der Process.
EN
The paper calls into question the status of (post)Lacanian atheism as can be inferred from writings of Lacan himself (mainly seminaries XI, XVIII, XX and XXIII) and Slavoj Žižek. Such atheism is based on the inexistence of “the Other of the Other”, which, however, cannot be merely stated, but must take the form of an injunction. In this postlacanian logic, true atheists are not those who deny the existence of God – even in its symbolic functions – but those who – actively relying on the absence of “the Other of the Other” – are able to carry out fundamental shifts within the symbolic structure of the Other. Yet, this atheism, which might be viewed as one of the strongest forms of denying the divine, is based itself on the monotheistic grid. Drawing upon some remarks from the late writings of Freud, the paper aims to reveal the inner, self-referential logic of the Father, whose position is preserved and strengthened after the actual death of the Father. Postlacanian atheism might be conceived of as the latest form of fatherly self-grounding, in which divine position perpetuates itself under the cover of injunctions to radical atheism. Finally, the paper propounds an interpretation of Kafka’s short story The Cares of a Family Man (Die Sorge des Hausvaters), in which the enigmatic figure of “Odradek” – a deathless half-object, half-creature – stands for the final material embodiment of the futile injunction to renounce the divine. Thus Odradek epitomises the Law, which is nothing but an insoluble rattle, emptied from the tension of desire, in front of which Kafka’s characters are forced to wait.
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PL
Pierre Bourdieu jest teologiem, teologiem politycznym. Jednym z najważniejszych źródeł (choć ukrytym) myśli autora Reprodukcji jest klasyczne dzieło Ernsta Kantorowicza Dwa ciała króla. Studium ze średniowiecznej teologii politycznej. Konstruując jedną z najbardziej wpływowych teorii społecznych XX wieku, francuski badacz czerpie pełnymi garściami z religijnych metafor i pojęć. Stanowią one nie tyle retoryczny ornament, lecz także istotę jego myśli. Należy poważnie potraktować deklarację Bourdieu, że jest uczniem Pascala, „pascalianinem” ( pascalien). Istnieje bowiem głęboka racja, że antyklerykał i ateista opowiada się za największym apologetą chrześcijaństwa. Otóż podziela on wizję Pascala z jednym ważnym zastrzeżeniem. Deus absconditus Pascala, który ma nas uwolnić od nędzy świata, zostaje zakwestionowany, a cechy Boga jako wszechmocnego stwórcy i prawodawcy przechodzą na Państwo i naukę. W ten sposób Państwo zaczyna przypominać demiurga, Boga zła. Ponieważ Bourdieu nie wierzy w religijne drogi emancypacji spod władzy Państwa, emancypacja jako taka staje pod znakiem zapytania. Francuski socjolog znajduje jednak dwie wysoce ryzykowne drogi wyjścia: wiedzę i miłość. Emancypacja rozpoczyna się od wycofania się ze świata – od zmiany samego siebie, która jest warunkiem wszystkich zmian. Przez pokorę i ascezę wiedzie droga do konwersji naukowej, poprzez praktyki antynomijne wiedzie droga miłości. Odpowiada to dwóm wersjom gnostycyzmu: ascetycznej i libertyńskiej. W końcu jednak sam Bourdieu ulega sile Państwa i paradoksalnie staje po stronie Carla Schmitta.
EN
"Pierre Bourdieu is a theologian, a political theologian. One of the important, but hidden, source of his work is the classic work The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theolog y. While constructing one of the most influential social theories of the 20th century the French scholar draws handfuls of religious metaphors and concepts. These are not merely rhetorical ornaments; they are the essence of his thinking. We ought to treat seriously Bourdieu’s declaration that he is a Pascalian. There is a profound reason why the anti-cleric and atheist declares himself in favor of the greatest Christian apologist. This is because he shares Pascal’s vision with one important reservation. The Deus absconditus of Pascal, who is supposed to free us from the wretchedness of the world, is challenged while the qualities of God as the omnipotent creator and lawgiver are transferred to the State and science. In this way the State becomes reminiscent of the Gnostic demiurge, an evil God. Since Bourdieu does not believe in religious paths of emancipation from the power of the State, emancipation in itself become questionable. However, the French sociologist finds two risky ways out: knowledge and love. Emancipation begins with a withdrawal from the world, from changing oneself, which is the pre-condition for all changes. Humility and ascesis lead one along the path toward scientific conversion; the path of love leads through antinomic practices. This corresponds to two versions of Gnosticism: ascetic and libertine. In the end Bourdieu himself succumbed to the power of the State and paradoxically ended up on the same side as Carl Schmitt."
EN
This article tries to unveil one of the great enigmas of Kafka studies, namely, the identity of the author of the first translation of The Metamorphosis into a foreign language. Indeed, in 1925 the Revista de Occidente published a Spanish version of Kafka’s famous novella, a translation that was 3 years ahead of the first French version and 12 years ahead of the first English version. The author of this translation, which helped to make Kafka’s work known throughout Europe and also in America, has remained unknown until now, despite the most diverse attributions, from Margarita Nelken to Jorge Luis Borges. We try to demonstrate, through solid contextual and textual arguments, that the only possible author of this pioneering translation, still valid today, is the Galician Ramón María Tenreiro.
EN
The affinity between Kafka and Vallejo is based on the transformation from man to animal that they present in their narratives: The Metamorphosis and “The Caynas”. In both of them the transformation occur gradually and they construct an oppressive atmosphere in a sort of “fatum” which ends in the meaninglessness of existence. Given the impossibility of a direct influence Kafka’s on Vallejo due to the dates of publication, the origin of the affinity is to be found in the readings that they share.
EN
The paper focuses on the functions of detailed analyses and pedantic explanations of situations and events provided by Kafka’s characters. Taken together, they create the impression of a solid orientation within the system. Nevertheless, the more elaborate and compact they are, the more they make it clear that the system, by its very nature, resists understanding. The incomprehensibility of the world, amplified by explanations, implies the inextricability of guilt (in analogy to Quine’s inextricability of meaning): it is impossible to identify those elements of the protagonist’s biography which constitute his guilt and separate them from the “innocent” rest.he article overviews the evolution of The Art of Translation by Jiří Levý starting with the genesis of the original Czech version, which can be considered the culmination of the author’s academic career. The first foreign languages the book was translated into were German and Russian. Since the Czech original was strongly imbedded in the Czech culture and literature, the translation required adaptations to the target cultures. The paper aims to trace the translation process of Levý’s publication with the main focus on its German version. Together with the Czech original, this version served as the basis for the second Czech edition. the final part of the article focuses on the international reception of Levý’s masterpiece and introduces its recent translations into foreign languages.
EN
The article deals with metaphysical aspects of dystopian vision of posthuman and racist socjety presented in Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go and its film adaptation. The controversial issue of cloning provokes fundamental questions of what constitutes our existence as human beings and what is the source of overpowering sense of solitude and orphanhood in the “fatherless” world. These questions are being answered in the context of biopolitics (Foucault, Habermas) and its ethical consequences. The paper is intended as a contribution to the ongoing discussion of the human condition and our relation to other beings: machines, animals and… clones.
EN
The paper explores hybrid identities of main characters in chosen contemporary authors as Kafka, Dürrenmatt, Bulgakov, Dukaj, and in particular Brown. They all contribute to the posthumanist literary genre and to better comprehension of condition posthumana as a leading utopia in the age of advanced technologies. The author argues for affinities between the human and the non-human brain, far beyond the anthropocentrism and anthropodenialism controversy.
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EN
The article discusses the largely forgotten concept of realism developed by the French Marxist philosopher Roger Garaudy in his book D’un Réalisme Sans Rivages [Realism without borders]. In the first part of the article, I discuss the context in which the book was discussed when it was first published in Poland in 1967. I compare and contrast Garaudy’s observations with Polish critics, who, at the time, were also actively and passionately discussing the question of realism. Specifically, I refer to Julian Kornhauser and Adam Zagajewski’s Świat nie przedstawiony [The unrepresented world] and Janusz Sławiński’s Rzut oka na ewolucję poezji polskiej w latach 1956-1980 [The evolution of Polish poetry from 1956 to 1980]. In the second part of the article, I analyse the selected fragments from Garaudy’s book, demonstrating that D’un Réalisme Sans Rivages may inform contemporary literary criticism and theory. I try to answer the question whether and how the tools proposed by the French thinker may be useful in describing contemporary literary phenomena and how his ideas can be used to formulate a new, not necessarily Marxist, concept of realism.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje, w dużej mierze dzisiaj zapomnianą, koncepcję realizmu autorstwa francuskiego filozofa marksistowskiego Rogera Garaudy’ego, zawartą w jego książce Realizm bez granic. W pierwszej części odtworzono kontekst, w jakim funkcjonował polski przekład eseju, który ukazał się w 1967 roku. Tezy francuskiego myśliciela zestawione zostają z innymi głosami w toczącej się wówczas w Polsce z dużą intensywnością dyskusji o realizmie. Przywołano m.in. postulaty Juliana Kornhausera i Adama Zagajewskiego z ich książki Świat nie przedstawiony oraz diagnozy Janusza Sławińskiego ze szkicu Rzut oka na ewolucję poezji polskiej w latach 1956–1980. W części drugiej zaproponowano kilka ujęć książki Garaudy’ego, które być może pozwolą uznawać Realizm bez granic za przydatny również w ramach dzisiejszej dyskusji teoretycznoliterackiej. Postawione zostaje pytanie o to, czy i w jaki sposób zaproponowane przez francuskiego myśliciela narzędzia mogą być przydatne do opisu współczesnych zjawisk literackich i jak poszczególne elementy jego koncepcji można wykorzystywać do formułowania nowych, już niekoniecznie marksistowskich koncepcji realizmu.
EN
The study interprets two novels by Kafka (Metamorphosis and Disciplinary Camp), and shows that one of the motives both novels share is the “ahypnotic experience”, i.e., the state in which the character of the story is frightened by sleep, since in sleep he loses control over himself, and is given up to the forces which rid him of of his human form (Metamorphosis). Based on the analysis of the apparatus of torture, interpreted here as “apparatus for producing justice”, the paper argues that for Kafka, the law means not freedom, but inhumanity (Disciplinary Camp). The following part of the paper explains that a similar process is uncovered in Donnarumma’s Amygdala art installation, and poses the question as to whether the increasing autonomy of modern technology intensifies Kafka’s fears of dehumanisation of the world. The final part of the paper offers an alternative conclusion to the problem building on Nietzsche’s understanding of the sense of the sublime.
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