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EN
The first scholar to research the Karaim community in Eastern Europe was Count Thaddeus Czacki (1765–1813). Initially, in his capacity as a member of the government commission in the First Republic of Poland, he dealt with the issue of taxes levied on the Karaim population. In 1788 he advocated their exemption from the poll tax. It may have been he himself who was behind the Karaim petition from Lutsk written in 1790 and addressed to the Polish parliament. This appeal called for a separate tax arrangement for Karaims distinct from that for the Jews. After the collapse of the Polish state, Czacki remained a  spokesperson for the interests of the Polish Karaims in the Russian Empire. Evidence of this is a letter sent to him in 1807 by the Karaims of Lutsk. Count Czacki became a member of the committee for the solution of Jewish affairs established by Tsar Alexander I. It is in this context that we should read his essays on Jews and Karaims, published in Vilnius in 1807 and translated into Russian. Thanks to his endeavours, he can justly be called the father of Karaim studies.
PL
Uczonym, który jako pierwszy rozpoczął badania nad Karaimami we Wschodniej Europie, był hrabia Tadeusz Czacki (1765–1813). Początkowo w Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, jako członek komisji rządowej, zajmował się Czacki kwestią podatków ludności karaimskiej. Był w 1788 r. zwolennikiem zwolnienia jej od podatku pogłównego. Możliwe, że był on inicjatorem petycji Karaimów z Łucka, napisanej w 1790 r. do polskiego sejmu. Memoriał wzywał do uchwalenia organizacji podatkowej dla Karaimów, odrębnej od Żydów. Po upadku państwa polskiego, Czacki był nadal rzecznikiem interesów polskich Karaimów w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim. Świadczy o tym list wysłany w 1807 r. do niego przez Karaimów Łucka. Hrabia Czacki został członkiem powołanego przez cara Aleksandra I komitetu dla rozwiązania spraw żydowskich. W takim kontekście należy odczytać jego rozprawki o Żydach i o Karaimach, wydane w 1807 r. i tłumaczone na rosyjski. Dzięki temu może on być nazwany ojcem karaimistyki.
EN
The main aim of this article is to describe the role played of two Turkic communities residing in the territory of the Great Duchy of Lithuania from the 14th century onwards – the Karaims and the Tatars – in the appearance and development of oriental and Turkological studies in Vilnius. A short overview of the state of Oriental Studies in Vilnius, in particular in Vilnius University in the 18th–19th centuries, and its correlation with the local “Orient”, is given in the first part of the article. Most of the article focuses on the period between the two world wars, when Karaim and Tatar scholars, educationists and spiritual leaders took a very active role in investigating and popularising their own cultural heritage and Turkic culture in general. Through publications in magazines, the activities of societies and communities, an available pool of effective and skilled experts Karaim and Tatars courses emerged in Vilnius as an equivalent subject to traditional Oriental Studies and Turkology. Their achievements paved the way for the great resurgence in national identity and the revival academic research and teaching on Lithuania’s national heritage after it regained its independence in 1990. Research on the Oriental heritage of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy was out of the question during the Soviet period. Today when linguistic and cultural studies and research on Karaim and Tatar culture have become an important feature of Turkology, the Oriental studies programme in Vilnius constitutes a relevant part of professional academic life.
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