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EN
The article comprehends the description of coming into being The Convention for the protection and sustainable development of the Carpathian Mountains. It leads the analysis of the essence of this Convention and shows its importance for this part of Europe and for Poland. The article points also at the perspective and the possibility of putting into the execution of Convention resolutions.
EN
The paper refers to spatial diversity and lability of outflow from Flysh type drainage basins. It also shows dynamics of mean and high discharge by defining the trend, the variability index and the periodicity of the hydrological parameters mentioned. The research has been taken in the partial drainage basins located in the upper drainage basin of Skawica (the streams of Czatożanka, Marków Potok, Rybny Potok, Jaworzyna) and in the upper drainage basin of Czarna Orawa (Kiczorka) at the Babia Góra slopes. The analyzed two-year period (2012–2013) has been characterized comparing to the multiannual period of 1973–2014. The hydrological and meteorological data have been obtained due to monitoring of the hydrological environment of Babiogórski National Park. The database includes the data gained from The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management research. Poland is the one of the less water-rich European countries. The unit outflow is only 5.5 dm3·s-1·km-2 (Fall 1997). The water outflow is very space and time varied through the whole country. The outflow from drainage basins of Babia Góra area is one of the biggest in Poland (about 30 dm3·s-1·km-2). The outflow index (rate of outflow?) from Babia Góra area is 88% per annum, which distinguishes this area from the Beskidy Mountains. During the winter semester the outflow index is 12.7% and during the summer semester it is 70% (Łajczak).The outflow index and the seasonal lability of the outflow from the particular Babia Góra drainage basins are very varied which is the most noticeable between the northern and southern slopes located drainage basins, however the variety is also very clear to observe from the east to the west direction. The analyzed cycle were a general low-flow period including one thaw flood within this period (2012s) and several minor floods caused by severe rainfalls (2013s). The maximum unit outflow during the flood has been noticed in Czatożanka drainage basin and the minimum unit outflow has been noticed in Kiczorka drainage basin. The highest annual average unit outflow occurred within Marków Potok, and the lowest annual average unit outflow occurred within Czatożanka. The drainage basins located at the northern slopes of Babia Góra were characterized by big seasonal outflow fluctuation between winter and summer semesters. Only at the southern slopes in the Kiczorka drainage basin the outflow was not much varied comparing the particular semesters.
PL
Rzeźba Karpat ma cechy rzeźby poligenicznej i polichronicznej. O poligenezie mówimy w dwojakim sensie. Młode formy modelowane są obecnie przy współdziałaniu różnych procesów (najczęściej erozji wody płynącej, sufozji i ruchów masowych). Zasadnicze formy obecnej rzeźby zostały przeważnie ukształtowane w odległej przeszłości w zmieniających się warunkach klimatycznych i tektonicznych. Oddziedziczona rzeźba dotąd zachowana była także w zależności od odporności skał podłoża stale adaptowana do nowych warunków. Szczególnie wyraźny zapis tej adaptacji dotyczy w analizowanym regionie ostatniego cyklu glacjalno-interglacjalnego czwartorzędu.
EN
The relief of the Carpathians has the features of a polygenic and polychronic landscape. On polygenesis, we may talk in a double context. The young forms are developing at the present time by cooperation of various processes (mainly erosion of flowing water, piping and gravitational movements). The fundamental forms of the existing mountain relief were created usually in the distant past under varying tectonic and climatic conditions. The inherited relief has been preserved depending on the resistance of bedrock being permanently adapted to changing conditions. Particularly distinct markers of that adaptation in the Carpathians were left by the last glacial-interglacial cycle.
PL
Huculszczyzna w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej ukazywana była jako kraina półdzika, malownicza, osnuta ludową mitologią i magią. Postrzegana była jako ośrodek życia nieskażonego cywilizacją posiadający wielką energię i żywiołowość. Wytworzył się swoisty stereotyp Huculszczyzny jako wyidealizowanej ziemi gdzie najlepsze przymioty charakteryzujące tereny, ludzi i tradycję połączyły się w bardzo atrakcyjny wzór życia społecznego. Walory Huculszczyzny odsłaniały się dla Polaków na różnych obszarach zainteresowania społecznego: turystyka, sztuka, podróży itd.
PL
Karpaty są regionem, w którym często występują powodzie błyskawiczne. Powodzie te powodują znaczące straty gospodarcze, które można ograniczyć zmniejszając tzw. ekspozycje i wrażliwość na powódź. Informacja o obszarach szczególnie podatnych na występowanie powodzi może wspomóc planowanie tych działań. Celem pracy było wskazanie regionów oraz gmin, które są predysponowane do występowania powodzi błyskawicznych. Wyodrębnienia tych obszarów dokonano na podstawie rozmieszczenia zlewni podatnych na występowanie gwałtownych wezbrań korzystając z dwóch miar: 1) procentowego udziału tych zlewni w regionie/ gminie, 2) wskaźnika podatności terenowej (Wpt). Wyniki wykazały, że zachodnie i południowe regiony Karpat są bardziej predysponowane do występowania powodzi błyskawicznych. W odniesieniu do gmin obserwowano większe zróżnicowanie przestrzenne. Wysokie predyspozycje do występowania gwałtownych wezbrań stwierdzono w 43 gminach (ok. 15% gmin), rozmieszczonych w różnych częściach Karpat. Dla tych gmin wskazano zlewnie, w których mogą wystąpić powodzie błyskawiczne. Uzyskane wyniki mogą być podstawą działań prewencyjnych pozwalających ograniczyć ekonomiczne skutki powodzi błyskawicznych w Karpatach.
EN
The Carpathians are usually affected by flash floods. These events are generated by short and intense rainstorm events. The floods cause significant damage which may be reduced by reducing the so-called flood exposure and flood vulnerability. Information on areas particularly prone to flash flooding should be the basis for actions towards reducing flood exposure and flood vulnerability. The goal of this paper was to present geographic regions and districts prone to flash flood occurrence. These areas were selected on the basis of spatial distributions of catchments vulnerable to flash flood occurrences. Results revealed that geographic regions located in the western and southern parts of the Carpathians are more vulnerable to flash flood occurrences. More spatial diversities were observed in relation to districts. Higher predisposition to flash flood occurrences was identified within 43 districts accounting for 15% of all Carpathian districts. Catchments more vulnerable to flash flood generation/occurrences were indicated in these districts. Results obtained in the work can be the basis for “preventive action” resulting in reducing the potential negative effects of flash flood.
EN
The article presents the history of documentation of multi-part singing in Poland and the state of research on this subject. The multi-part singing as the musical and culture phenomenon is regionally limited and can be recorded in Carpathian Mountains and in the north-eastern borderland where the multi-part singing remains in some parishes the common heritage of Poland and Lithuania till today. There are also numerous  examples of spontaneous heterophony in Polish-Belorussian and Polish-Ukrainian musical traditions, but the singing in parallel thirds prevails, particularly among members of the Orthodox Church. The prerequisite of the multipart singing is a slow tempo, not typical of folk songs in ethnic Poland. The review of sources and living practice allow to discuss three historical layers of multipart singing in Poland: 1) the oldest one – heterophony or diaphony in fifths documented since the 15th century, 2) three-part mixed choir influenced by the church practice since the 18th century (north-eastern part of Poland) and 3) parallel thirds in female groups wherever the school-youth-choirs were introduced and the mixed choir movement e.g. in Silesia since the 19th century. Thus the multi-part singing has become both a sign of regional-ethnic specificity and the result of the cultural development.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje historię dokumentacji wielogłosu wokalnego w Polsce, jako zjawiska muzycznego i kulturowego oraz aktualny stan rozeznania w praktyce śpiewu wielogłosowego.Jako zjawisko międzykulturowe wielogłos zakorzeniony jest na pograniczach etnicznych w Karpatach i na ziemiach wschodnich, gdzie tradycje polskie stykają się z litewskimi, białoruskimi i ukraińskimi. Obok praktyk spontanicznych – paralelizmów tercjowych, kwintowych, oktawowych oraz heterofonii, jako współrozbrzmiewania wariantów – obserwujemy również wpływ chóralnej wielogłosowości, zwłaszcza na Śląsku. Mniejszości narodowe, także na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski, praktykują wielogłos jako wyróżnik podmiotowości kulturowej. Ponadto wielogłos występuje u repatriantów z Rumunii (Górale Czadeccy) i z byłej Jugosławii. Ogólnie, kierując się chronologią względną, możemy wyróżnić trzy warstwy historyczne śpiewu z elementami wielogłosu: 1) heterofonia i diafonia (w kwintach), poświadczana źródłowo od XV wieku; 2) trzygłos mieszany na pograniczu polsko-litewskim (od XVIII wieku); 3) paralelizmy tercjowe w chórach kobiecych, powszechne do dziś na pograniczach etnicznych. Wielogłosowość ilustruje zarówno głęboko zakorzenioną specyfikę kultury (w odniesieniu do muzyki – wielogłos wiąże się z wolnym tempem śpiewu oraz z samowystarczalnością głosu w liturgii prawosławnej), jak i rozwój powszechnej edukacji muzycznej.
EN
The author draws on Andrzej Hejmej’s concepts of three types of musicality in literature. Although all three types can be found in Stanisław Vincenz’s Na wysokiej połoninie, the author focuses on type II, i.e. descriptions of music, especially music made by people. In his entire Hutsul tetralogy Vincenz describes various kinds of music: from Hutsul music to Mozart, the sound of harmony, Jewish, Gypsy and Hungarian music, sporadically also mentioning devilish and heavenly music. On the other hand, the article does not examine the extraordinary wealth of descriptions of the sounds of nature. Hutsul music is evoked in a radical manner by Vincenz, who places sheet music before several chapters of Volume I. In addition, he frequently cites songs, both traditional Hutsul songs as well as their compilations and his own original poetry. Another way of evoking music is through frequent references to Hutsul instruments with their rich symbolism. The most important instrument in the tetralogy is the floyera. This edge-blown pipe known in various variants from East Asia to indigenous Indian cultures is perhaps the most primeval, traditional shepherds’ instrument among the Hutsuls. Almost all important characters in the tetralogy play the floyera masterfully: the hoodlums Ołeksa Dobosz and Dmytro Wasyluk, the farmer Foka Szumej and story-teller Andrijko, the legendary headman and the greatest of them, Dmytro’s friend, Kudej. In Vincenz’s vision each of them uses his musical skill and magical or even mystical properties of the sounds and of the instrument itself in a different way. There are references to the myth of Orpheus and the parable of Job. Although the floyera is primarily a solo instrument, it can initiate song and takes its own songs from the murmur of the forest or sizzling of fire. Playing the instrument can make a space sacred, thus it expresses the whole gamut of the player’s emotions: from joy and rapture to sadness and grief. The descriptions of music in Vincenz’s work are decidedly poetic, they do not refer to specific compositions and the writer makes the description even more vivid by changing the perspective: from a description of sounds entering into dialogue with nature and other instruments, through a description of the musician’s behaviour and the listeners’ reactions, to the symbolic dimension of sound and its impact on its surroundings. The power of the floyera is shown to the full in the story of the Syrojida. Its main protagonist, Kudil, was able, thanks to the “divine music” of the floyera, to inspire a desire for freedom in the enslaved swinemen, and restore their original, plant nature to their tormentors. Ultimately, the symbolism of the instrument draws on the Cross and the Holy Spirit.
EN
Mountain streams are subject to continuous modeling of river beds during floods. The greatest changes occur within them, however, during the catastrophic floods caused by sudden rainfall. The increase in the intensity of transformation occurs in forest areas, where the wooden logs carried by the swollen streams create a dumping ground, around which there is a greater accumulation of transported material and the formation of an increased mosaic of geomorphological forms.The study was conducted in the Rybny Potok catchment area (Babia Góra National Park). The flooding occurred on 15–16 May 2014 due to the heavy rainfall, which on 15 May amounted to 138 mm. Whereas 216.5 mm of rainfall fell in the catchment area in three days. This resulted in a sudden and full spate streams, contributing to a significant transformation in the bottoms of their geomorphological valleys. There were created many new forms, while the pre-existing increased their size.
EN
Background. The Hedonic Price Method helps develop a hierarchy of ski resorts, where the criterion is the ratio of the ski pass price to the quality of the service. Using a properly selected research sample and the nonlinear estimation method, one can estimate the impact of ski resorts attributes on ski pass prices. The estimated ski pass prices allow to compare the effectiveness of ski resorts in different countries. Material and methods. Data for the analysis, relating to the ski season of 2015/2016, were attributes of 245 ski resorts in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The quality index was constructed with the method of hedonic prices and nonlinear least squares estimation. Results. The average quality of Polish ski resorts is significantly higher than that of Czech and Slovakian ones. However, prices in the Polish resorts are highest in relation to the offered quality. In Poland, there are the largest number of ski resorts characterized by excessive (in relation to the offered quality) prices of ski passes. Conclusions. The features that most strongly affect the price of ski passes in Polish, Czech, and Slovakian ski resorts are: the proportion of fast and modern detachable chairlifts, the upper station altitude, and the ski season duration.
PL
Ryzyko powodziowe oznacza kombinację wystąpienia powodzi oraz jej negatywnych skutków. Ogół działań związanych z ograniczaniem skutków powodzi dla zdrowia ludzkiego, środowiska, dziedzictwa kulturowego oraz działalności gospodarczej wchodzi w obręb tzw. zarządzania ryzykiem powodziowym. W artykule omówiono czynniki wpływające na poziom ryzyka powodziowego. Wykazano, że poziom ryzyka powodziowego, związanego z powodziami błyskawicznymi w małych zlewniach karpackich, można obniżyć przede wszystkim poprzez działania na rzecz ograniczenia tzw. ekspozycji oraz wrażliwości na powódź. Wykazano, że odpowiednio prowadzone działania planistyczne w obrębie zlewni, mogą przyczynić się do ograniczenia poziomu ryzyka powodziowego związanego z ekspozycją. W tym kontekście omówiono znaczenie map zagrożenia i ryzyka powodziowego. Zwrócono uwagę na konieczność prowadzenia tzw. edukacji powodziowej będącej u podstaw podejmowania skutecznych działań na rzecz ograniczenia wrażliwości na powódź.
EN
Flood risk is a combination of flooding and its negative consequents. Generally, activities aimed at reducing the negative consequences of flooding on human health, environment, cultural heritage and economic activity are related to flood risk management process. The article discusses the factors affecting the flood risk level. It was proved that lower flood risk level may be achieved by reducing the exposure and susceptibility to flooding. Spatial planning within the catchment is one of the most important methods allowing for reducing the exposure to flooding. In this context, the role of flood hazard and flood risk maps was discussed. It was emphasised that education related to floods is the key element for flood susceptibility mitigation.
EN
The article was inspired by the author’s search for ethnic identity. The author focuses on a group of Polish Carpathian Roma as a multicultural community living in the multi-ethnic Carpathia borderland. Her research perspective falls within broadly defined anthropological studies, primarily with regard to various aspects of the life of highland Roma in Poland. The aim of the article is to examine the exclusion and transgression of the Carpathian Roma with regard to the functioning of the group among the Polish Roma communities and Polish highlander communities. The population in question has functioned as poor, solitary, rejected, despised and pushed to the margins of society’s life both by the highlanders and by Roma groups with nomadic traditions. It has experienced a feeling of injustice, misunderstanding, alienation and awareness of the tragedy of its situation.
EN
The article is an analysis of a 1914 collection of stories, Z zakopańskich tchnień (Breath of Zakopane) and an attempt to discover the identity of its author, Gea Dobrzańska. Dobrzańska, who came most likely from Wielkopolska, was a socially engaged writer: she collaborated with the Na posterunku journal, the editor-in-chief of which was also part of the editorial committee of Eleuteria’s magazine. Her oeuvre suggests that she was no stranger to the ideas of Towianism and, more broadly, Romanticism. The article focuses on four stories from the collection (Kartki znalezione na Antałówce, Przed czynem (Before Action), Magnificat, W górach (In the Mountains)), the action of which takes place in Zakopane. The world presented by the author in these stories indicates that she was familiar with the reality of life in the Podhale region before the First World War and confirms her commitment to social and political causes, commitment reflected in her work. Another trail in the process of discovering Dobrzańska’s biography leads to Eleusis, a society founded by Wincenty Lutosławski. The writer’s links to this organisation, promoting abstinence and spiritual development, are suggested both by elements from her biography and by her literary oeuvre.
EN
The Carpathians are a good example of a region where agritourism is a popular form of non-agricultural economic activity in rural areas. Agritourism farms are an important part of the tourist accommodation in the region. Factors that tend to favor the development of agritourism in the Carpathians include the diversity of natural and environmental assets in the region, predominance of small farms, and the increasing popularity of alternative forms of tourism. The purpose of the study was to show different paths of development of agritourism in the Polish Carpathians. The research results are based on a review of the literature, survey and fieldwork study. A few areas with a larger number of agritourism farms were identified for the Carpathian region. There are mostly communes found close to the Tatra Mountains, national parks and landscape parks in the Beskid Mountains and the Carpathian Foothills, and in the vicinity of large cities. Agritourism offering of the Carpathian region is quite diverse and related to environmental and cultural settings, as well as the quality of local tourist infrastructure and tourism-related traditions in the area. Four models of agritourist farm development were identified for the Polish Carpathian region. The criteria used to identify these models were associated with the nature of the farm output, details of the offering for tourists and its linkage with the assets of the natural and cultural environment in the given area, and the intensity of tourist traffic in the region and its effects on the functioning of an agritourist farm.
PL
Karpaty są przykładem regionu, w którym liczba gospodarstw agroturystycznych jest jedną z wyższych w kraju. Są one istotnym uzupełnieniem turystycznej bazy noclegowej w regionie. Czynnikami sprzyjającymi rozwojowi agroturystyki w Karpatach są: różnorodność walorów przyrodniczych i kulturowych, dominacja małych gospodarstw rolnych oraz wzrastająca popularność alternatywnych form turystyki. Celem studium było ukazanie różnych ścieżek rozwoju agroturystyki na obszarze polskich Karpat. W badaniach posłużono się kwerendą literatury, badaniami ankietowymi i terenowymi. Stwierdzono koncentrację gospodarstw agroturystycznych w kilku obszarach. Są to głównie gminy w otoczeniu Tatr, parków narodowych i krajobrazowych w Beskidach i na Pogórzu oraz w sąsiedztwie dużych miast. Oferta agroturystyczna jest zróżnicowana i ściśle powiązana z warunkami środowiska przyrodniczo-kulturowego oraz poziomem rozwoju infrastruktury turystycznej i tradycjami turystycznymi. Wyodrębniono cztery modele rozwoju agroturystyki na obszarze polskich Karpat. Kryteriami ich wyodrębnienia było powiązanie z funkcjonującym gospodarstwem rolnym, specyfika oferty turystycznej i jej powiązanie z walorami środowiska przyrodniczo- kulturowego terenu, natężenie ruchu turystycznego w regionie i jego wpływ na formę działalności agroturystycznej.
PL
W niniejszym artykule ukazano zależności pomiędzy zmianami pokrycia terenu a poziomem rozwoju lokalnego w polskich Karpatach. Badania prowadzono w jednostkach administracyjnych (miasta i wsie). Zmiany w pokryciu terenu analizowano na podstawie danych z bazy Corine Land Cover z lat 1990–2012, korzystając z autorskiego wskaźnika: zmian struktury pokrycia terenu (LC). Poziomu rozwoju lokalnego określono na podstawie danych statystycznych pochodzących z bazy danych lokalnych GUS (gęstość zaludnienia, wielkość budownictwa mieszkaniowego oraz liczba podmiotów gospodarczych). Na ich podstawie obliczono syntetyczny wskaźnik rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego (LD). W celu określenia zależności pomiędzy zmianami pokrycia terenu a poziomem rozwoju lokalnego wykorzystano modele mieszane (mixed model). W pierwszym modelu za wartość y(LD) przyjęto obliczony indeks lokalnego rozwoju. W drugim modelu za wartość y(LC) przyjęto zmiany struktury pokrycia terenu. W pierwszym modelu jako zmienne wykorzystano wskaźniki obrazujące rozwój lokalny w 2011 r. W drugim modelu zmiennymi były wielkości zmiany udziału pokrycia terenu w latach 1990–2012 w poszczególnych klasach. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały wzrost udziału obszarów o luźnej zabudowie, co świadczy o procesach suburbanizacji oraz naporze inwestycyjnym – głównie na obszarach podmiejskich i atrakcyjnych turystycznie. Znaczące zmiany pokrycia terenu zidentyfikowane w obszarach atrakcyjnych turystycznie były związane z rozwojem infrastruktury turystycznej oraz zanikiem funkcji rolniczych tych miejscowości.
EN
In the paper the relations between land cover changes and the level of local development in the Polish Carpathians were analysed. The analyses were carried out based on administrative units (towns and villages) and data of land cover from 1990–2012 were used. In order to detect the dominant land cover changes in the period analysed, the land cover change indicator (LC) was developed. In order to rate the level of local development, local statistical data, collected by the Central Statistical Office in Poland database were used. On the basis of the data, a synthetic indicator of socio-economic development (LD) was calculated. To calculate the indicator, the following were used: population density, the number of newly built flats/houses, and the number of business companies. In order to build a model that would show the relations between the local development and changes in land cover, a mixed model was constructed. Two options were checked in the analysis. In the first model, the value of y(LD) was assumed by the calculated indicator of local development. In the second model, y(LC) value was described by calculating the land cover changes indicator. In the first case, indicators showing local development in 2011 were used as variables. In the second case, the variables were the changes of the land cover (1990–2012) in each of the classes. The analyses carried out show an increase in the share of discontinuous urban areas, which indicates suburbanisation processes and local developers (investment) pressure – mainly in suburban and areas attractive for tourist. Significant changes in land cover, identified in the areas attractive for tourists, were related to the development of tourist infrastructure and the disappearance of agricultural functions.
EN
The article presents various ways of ideologization of the Central (Boyko and Lemko regions) and Eastern (Hutsul region) Carpathians in interwar Poland. After the Polish-Ukrainian War (1918–1919), that part of the Carpathian mountain range was situated in the Second Polish Republic. In contrast to the Tatras, which played the role of Polish national landscape, the Carpathians were alien to Poles in terms of ethnicity and culture. Thus, the Polish authorities, as well as touristic and local lore organizations, sought and largely managed to transform these mountains into a domestic landscape, which was no center of national identity but constituted an important spot on the mental map of the Polish national community, recognized as an undeniable part of Polish statehood. The article shows how the exoticization of the Carpathians, state holidays, and the development of state-funded mass tourism resulted in the increased sense of familiarity between Polish lowlanders and highlanders and, consequently, the symbolic inscription of the Carpathians into the Polish domain and common imagination.
PL
Karpaty są jednym z wiodących regionów turystycznych Polski, gdzie turystyka na obszarach wiejskich ma długie tradycje i stale się rozwija. W regionie tym liczba funkcjonujących gospodarstw agroturystycznych jest jedną z wyższych w kraju. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie stanu i barier rozwoju agroturystyki w polskiej części Karpat jako formy aktywności pozarolniczej mieszkańców wsi na obszarach górskich. Ofertę agroturystyczną oraz rozwój w regionie istotnie modyfikują zmiany uwarunkowań społeczno-gospodarczych i trendy współczesnej turystyki. Stwierdzono, że rozmieszczenie kwater agroturystycznych jest mocno zróżnicowane i w ostatnich latach liczba kwater maleje. Jedynie w kilkunastu gminach o dużej atrakcyjności turystycznej i związanym z tym dużym natężeniem ruchu turystycznego liczba podmiotów agroturystycznych jest nadal wysoka. Przeprowadzona analiza współczesnych barier rozwoju agroturystyki w Karpatach pozwoliła na wyróżnienie ich kilku grup. Są nimi bariery: przyrodniczo-kulturowe, ekonomiczne, prawne, społeczne i marketingowe. Dla zrealizowania przyjętego celu badawczego dokonano kwerendy literatury, analizy danych pozyskanych z GUS-u i regionalnych ODR-ów oraz wywiadów z usługodawcami agroturystycznymi, uzupełnione studium terenowym.
EN
The Carpathian Mountains are one of the most important tourist regions of Poland. Tourism in rural areas has long traditions and is constantly growing. In addition the number of agritourism farms is one of the highest in the country. The paper presents the current state and changes of agritourism in the Polish part of the Carpathian Mountains, as a form of non-agricultural activity of rural in mountain areas. Also, barriers to the development of agritourism were diagnosed. The study has shown that changes in socio-economic conditions and trends in modern tourism significantly shape the development and agritourism offer in the region. It was found that the distribution of agritourism offers is very diverse, and the number of agritourism farms has decreased slightly in recent years. Only in a dozen municipalities which have high tourist attractiveness and high tourist traffic associated with it, the number of agritourism entities is still high. The analysis allowed for distinguishing the following five groups of barriers to the development of agritourism. They are: natural and cultural, economic, social, legal, and marketing strategy. The data for carrying out the above-mentioned analyses were collected from the Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny – GUS) and regional Agricultural Advisory Centre (Ośrodek Doradztwa Rolniczego – ODR). Verification of the collected material was based on the interviews with agritourism service providers (275) and supplemented with a field study.
EN
The article examines the image of the Hutsuls in Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski’s oeuvre. The author analyses the writer’s monograph Huculszczyzna, Gorgany i Czarnohora, reportage writing, articles (published by Kurier Warszawski), so-called Hutsul novels (Postrach gór [The Terror of the Mountains]), examining the use of traditional stereotypes forming part of the cultural heritage of a given ethnic group and referring to e.g. perception of other nationalities, and ways of combining them with individual opinions stemming from observation and personal experience. She points to the symbiosis between the apologetic and Romantic concepts of the folk hero with nationhood ideas of Ossendowski’s times using e.g. the principles of inter-war regionalism.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje możliwość wykorzystania modeli terenu pochodzących z danych LiDAR do odtworzenia elementów historycznych fortyfikacji polowych. Podczas badań odtworzono przebieg linii okopów pochodzących z II wojny światowej na obszarze Pasma Jałowieckiego i Grupy Mędralowej. W celu weryfikacji dokładności danych pozyskanych z LiDAR i identyfikacji form punktowych oprócz interpretacji modelu przeprowadzono kartowanie terenowe z użyciem GPS. Zaprezentowana w artykule metoda badań pozwala na zidentyfikowanie linii okopów rozmieszczonych na rozległym, często trudno dostępnym obszarze, przez co wskazana jest do stosowania podczas prowadzonych badań na obszarze Karpat.
EN
LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data are very useful in geographical, historical and archeological studies. It is because of large ALS point cloud precision, which makes possibility of studying small forms in relief, such as unmetalled roads, historical agricultural systems, archaeological sites or old field fortifications, like trench lines. The aim of this article is test on the usability of LiDAR data in research of trench lines built during Second World War in Poland, in Beskidy Mountains. The study area chosen to this text was located in Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group in south-west of Małopolskie voivodeship, south of Poland (Fig. 1). Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group is a continuation to the north of the Massif Babia Góra (Beskid Żywiecki, Carpathians). The fortifications were been built in this area before and during the Second World War. The first objects were built by Polish Army in 1939 and second time there was built two large fortification lines 1944, by polish people forced to do it by german soldiers. The most objects in studied area were made on the slopes of Malikowski Groń. Objects founded in 1944 were preserved in good condition up to the present day (Tab. 1). The few objects have been transformed by the geomorphological processes and by overgrown trees and shrubs on them. These objects have survived to this day, because they were not damaged during hostilities. The research was performed on a piece of trench line on Malikowski Groń (760 ma.s.l.) about 12,2 km long (Fig. 3, Fig. 6), Lachów Groń (708 m a.s.l.) about 1,6 km long (Fig. 3) and Mędralowa Mountain Group (1169 m a.s.l) about 2,3 km long (Fig. 4). During the field test the plan of trench lines (Fig. 3C, 5B) was performed by using GPS mapping and by measurement of the size and depth of the trenches. Second plan (Fig. 3B, 5A) is the result of LiDAR data analyses and vectorization. After then the obtained results were compared in research analysis. The trench lines and objects are quite good visible in LiDAR data, but it is impossible to do the classification of point objects made in field observation (Tab. 1, 2, 3). However, as a general comment, it is the possibility to signing the object classes in neighbor areas by way of analogy to field testing research.
EN
The Brzanka Mountain Range in the Ciężkowickie Foothills has a dense river network. Unfortunately the contemporary maps contain only the names of some main rivers of the Brzanka Mountain Range. Local communities use the same set of names of rivers as cartographers, while studies in the historical geography of the Brzanka Mountain Range reveal a wealth of local hydronyms that have seemingly been forgotten. The article attempts both to reconstruct a set of hydronyms of the Brzanka Mountain Range and to explain their etymology. It shows that hydronyms change over time and that studies on local hydronyms can help restore the collection of the names of rivers in the Brzanka Mountain Range and provide interesting information related to the past of this region. Moreover, they reveal contemporary unknown facts related to the natural environment and settlement processes in the Middle Ages. A visual summary of the article is a map showing the Brzanka Mountain Range with its river network and associated hydronyms.
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