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"Gramatika kaszëbsczégò jãzëka" – rozpoznanie i opracowanie struktury współczesnego literackiego języka kaszubskiego. Odpowiedź na głosy krytyki

100%
Makurat H.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2018
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vol. 53
EN
The Grammar of the Kashubian Language – recognition and description of the structure of the contemporary Kashubian. Response to criticismThe article is a response to criticism of Hanna Makurat’s book titled The Grammar of the Kashubian Language; the book, published in 2016, is the first normative description of contemporary Kashubian. The Kashubian newspaper Skra has published a review which questioned the substantive content of the entire book. The author of the review showed incompatibilities between the book and Friedrich Lorentz’s Pomeranian Grammar, which was published in 1927–1937. However, the reviewer did not take into account the fact that Lorentz described the system of 76 Kashubian dialects, while Hanna Makurat described the system of contemporary Kashubian literary language, which evolved and developed standard forms. What is more, this review, written by an amateur, became the basis for the publication by the Kashubian Language Council of the statement – not supported by any arguments – that Hanna Makurat’s book was not a normative grammar. Due to lack of arguments, the Kashubian Language Council, after a month and a half, removed this statement from its website. Gramatika kaszëbsczégò jãzëka – rozpoznanie i opracowanie struktury współczesnego literackiego języka kaszubskiego. Odpowiedź na głosy krytykiArtykuł stanowi odpowiedź na krytykę, z jaką spotkała się książka Hanny Makurat Gramatika kaszëbsczégò jãzëka, wydany w 2016 roku pierwszy normatywny opis współczesnego języka kaszubskiego. Kaszubska gazeta „Skra” opublikowała recenzję, która podaje w wątpliwość istotną część zawartych w książce ustaleń. Autor recenzji wskazał niezgodności między książką Makurat a Gramatyką pomorską Friedricha Lorentza, którą opublikowano w latach 1927–1937. Recenzent nie wziął jednak pod uwagę, że Lorentz opisywał system 76 gwar kaszubskich, Makurat zaś opisała system współczesnego kaszubskiego języka literackiego, który dopracował się form standardowych. Omawiana recenzja, której autor jest amatorem, stała się na dodatek powodem opublikowania przez Radę Języka Kaszubskiego niepopartego żadnymi argumentami oświadczenia, że gramatyka Hanny Makurat nie ma charakteru normatywnego. Wobec braku argumentów po upływie półtora miesiąca Rada Języka Kaszubskiego usunęła oświadczenie ze swojej strony internetowej.
2
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Frazeologizmy w przekładzie na język kaszubski baśni Jana Drzeżdżona

100%
Makurat H.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2017
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issue 74/1
77-85
PL
The article discusses the methods used to translate phrasemes in the Kashubian version of the book Baśnie. Brawãdë by Jan Drzeżdżon. The translator, Roman Drzeżdżon, was unable to find any equivalent phrasemes in the target language. He translated them literally or described their meaning. Moreover, he also used the compensation strategy and introduced phrasemes in places where they were absent in the original.
3
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The Kashubian language - a minority language spoken in borderlands as it was and as it is today

88%
Zieniukowa J.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
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2015
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vol. 102
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issue 1
43-54
EN
The article presents in a diachronic and synchronic perspective a minority language (regional) which has existed for centuries in the borderland of cultures and languages - the ethnolect of Kashubians, indigenous, Slavic people living in Gdansk Pomerania - and the history of its contacts with German (unrelated language) and Polish (an example of a Slavic-Slavic borderland); in case of its contact with, foremost, the official version of the German language there was a language conflict. There exists a language continuum between the Kashubian language and the Polish dialects from Masovia and Wielkopolska. They coexisted and complemented each other functionally for a long time.
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„Wytwarzanie wiedzy” jako element polityki kulturowej. Casus wiedzy o języku kaszubskim jako peryferii językowej

88%
Kożyczkowska A.
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
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2017
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vol. 30
EN
Knowledge of the Kashubian language is the result of geographical, political, historical location of Kashubian as community. “Natural proximity” of Kashubian to Polish leads to questions about the status of Kashubian language as a separate language or as a dialect of Polish. Knowledge of Kashubian language describes the political, social (including educational) condition. Changing knowledge of Kashubian modification the political condition of the Kashubian culture and identity.
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Młodzi Kaszubi i język – dylematy mikropolityki językowej

88%
Dołowy-Rybińska N.
Lud
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2014
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vol. 98
253-276
EN
The article is based on participatory observation and semi-structured interviews conducted in 2012 with young Kashubs (aged 16-25). The research carried out has combined a cultural (anthropological) and a sociolinguistic viewpoints. The language policy not only concerns important bottom-down acts and laws established by the state and by minority activists, but is also based on people’s everyday practices, such as their choice of language. This is why activists responsible for the minority language policy should make use of the ethnographic methodology which would make the minority members the subject of the research. Their experiences related with using the minority language, attitudes toward their language and culture can be an important component and indicator for policy decision-makers. This article presents the statements of young Kashubs referring to their culture and language, difficult experiences related to the prohibition of speaking Kashubian, and the language shift which emerged with the coming into force of the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language. The teaching of the Kashubian language in schools is one of the most important achievements of the language policy – although, in the opinion of young people, it is a challenge. Young Kashubs tell about the decisions they took concerning their language and what motivated them to use the language of their ancestors. They speak about their attitude towards the Kashubian culture and its stereotypical, folkloristic image.
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Miejsce gwary luzińskiej wśród gwar kaszubskich w świetle faktów fonetycznych i fonologicznych

88%
Jocz L.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2016
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issue 73/1
61-93
PL
The article discusses the position of the Luzino dialect among Kashubian dialects in the light of phonetic and phonological features. The analysis takes into account eleven vowel features, one consonant feature and two prosodical features. A significant part of the discussed phenomena are the recent phenomena that have gone unnoticed, or been dealt with only marginally in the existing literature on the subject. One archaism links the Luzino dialect with the core central Kashubian area, but it is differentiated by seven innovations. The peripheral central Kashubian dialects indicate stronger relationships with the area of Luzino (one important archaism and one significant north Kashubian innovation). Three archaisms and nine innovations link the Luzino dialect withthe north Kashubian area. Two vocal changes are typical only of the discussed area, and differentiate it from northern as well as southern Kashubian. From the phonetic and phonological point of view, the Luzino dialect should undoubtedly be classified as a marginal north Kashubian dialect.
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Język kaszubski jako element narodowotwórczy

88%
Jabłoński A.
Postscriptum Polonistyczne
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2019
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issue 1(23)
45-56
EN
Kashubian, as a Proto-Slavic dialect, was similar to the Greater Poland and Lesser Poland dialects which with time provided the foundations for the Polish language. However, as early as in the 13th century, differences became noticea-ble resulting from the autonomous development of Kashubian on the periph-ery of the Slavic world. Language is one of the most important ethnic building elements manifested by the Kashubian people since the dawn of ethnic eman-cipation which started in the mid-19th century, when Florian Ceynowa, physi-cian and father of Kashubian national empowerment, created the first Kashubian alphabet, normalised the spelling, compiled the grammar rules and started to write journalistic, scientific and literary texts. In the past, the Kashubians had long lacked the conviction that their vernacular had value. The joint work of many communities, undertaken for the sake of the linguistic status of Kashubian in the 1990s, led first of all to a change of the attitude of the us-ers towards their own language, and subsequently to its recognition as a sepa-rate Slavic language. Kashubian was granted the political and legal status of a regional language in 2005. It satisfies mainly those who have adopted a hybrid identity characterised by being Kashubian in the regional aspect and Polish in the national aspect. However, that status is insufficient for Kashubians repre-senting the national option, who identify themselves as Polish citizens of Kashubian nationality.
8
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Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?

88%
Dołowy-Rybińska N., Popowska-Taborska H.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2015
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vol. 50
EN
Can the presently created Kashubian literary language and the currently formed new Breton language be objects of consideration for researchers of the linguistic picture of the world?The influence of the Polish language in conjunction with education and the mass media have brought about in the second half of the 20th century a growth of Polish-Kashubian bilingualism and a decline of Kashubian dialects. Simultaneously, work on the creation and promotion of the literary Kashubian language has begun. The standard Kashubian language is new to all users as is the new Breton language standardized in the last decades of the 20th century. Intergenerational transmission of the Breton language was severed after WWII. The ethnic revival of the 1970s led to the revalorization of the Breton culture and language, taught since then in a number of schools and at adult courses. Normalized Kashubian and Breton languages are full of neologisms. But at the same time they have also been considerably purified of those traits which make them similar to the respective dominant language (Polish and French). Furthermore, the range of use to which these minority languages are put is very different from one user to another. All these specifics result in the near impossibility of researching the linguistic picture of the world of contemporary normalized minority languages. Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?Wpływ polszczyzny związany ze szkołą i mediami masowymi spowodował wzrost w drugiej połowie XX wieku dwujęzyczności kaszubsko-polskiej i zanikanie dialektów kaszubskich. Jednocześnie rozpoczęły się prace nad stworzeniem i upowszechnieniem kaszubskiego języka literackiego. Standardowy język kaszubski jest nowy dla wszystkich użytkowników, podobnie jak standaryzowany w drugiej połowie XX wieku język bretoński. Międzypokoleniowa transmisja bretońskiego została przerwana w połowie XX wieku. Odrodzenie etniczne lat 70. XX wieku doprowadziło do rewaloryzacji kultury i języka bretońskiego, którego dzieci zaczęły się uczyć w szkołach, a dorośli – na kursach. Znormalizowane języki kaszubski i bretoński pełne są neologizmów, podlegają również procesom puryfikacji mającym oczyścić je z cech upodobniających do języka dominującego (polskiego i francuskiego). Zakres posługiwania się nimi u poszczególnych ich użytkowników jest silnie zróżnicowany. Wszystkie te fakty sprawiają, że badanie językowego obrazu świata normalizowanych obecnie języków mniejszościowych nie wydaje się możliwe.
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Professor Wiesław Boryś has passed away

88%
Popowska-Taborska H.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2022
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issue LXXI
10
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Etymologie ludowe w roli kreatorów kaszubskiej tożsamości etnicznej – Rozmòwa Pòlôcha z KaszëbąFloriana Ceynowy

87%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
The article presents folk etymologies in the work of Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881), who is the creator of the written version of the Kashubian language, entitled Rozmòwa Pòlôcha z Kaszëbą (1850). Rozmòwa...is maintained in a form of dialogue which preaches the most important information about Kashubians. 30 folk etymologies written by Ceynowa, 3 of which are about the war and 27 about the Bible, serve – thanks to creating a positive picture of the 19th century Kashubia and Kashubians – the construction of Kashubian identity and prestige of the whole Kashubian community.
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GRAMATIKA KASZËBSCZÉGÒ JÃZËKA HANNY MAKURAT – GŁOS W DYSKUSJI

87%
JOCZ L.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2019
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issue 76/1
49-67
EN
This article is yet another contribution to a discussion on a grammar handbook on Kashubian written by Hanna Makurat (2016) and, directly, a reply to her text published in edition 53 of the SFPS. First and foremost, it is a presentation of the history of the discussion of Gramatika… in a context of extra-content strategies employed by the author in the dispute that has arisen. Next, 13 linguistic phenomena have been presented (related to spelling, phonetics, morphology, vocabulary and syntax) in relation to which Hanna Makurat clearly referred to her opponents’ criticism in her text published in the SFPS. An analysis has shown that in 12 of them, the reviewers’ comments were fully justified. Last but not least, general and methodological issues are touched upon with reference to grammar itself and the discussion of it to date.
12
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Opozycja */u/ : */uː/ w gwarze Jastarni

87%
Jocz L.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2018
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issue 75/1
41-72
EN
The paper is devoted to the reflexes of the old contrast between */u/ and */uː/after labials and velars and in a front position in a word in the Kashubian dialect spoken in Jastarnia. According to descriptions from the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the contrast was preserved at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word as contrasted with the quantity and quality (with a probable weakening of the first component of the contrast): [u̯ɘ̟] : [u(ː)]. At the end of the word, the contrast was weak and disappeared. According to sources from the mid-20th century, the contrast has been entirely lost in all the positions and [u̯ɘ̟] and [u] are merely free variants of one phoneme /u/. However, an analysis of contemporary material shows clearly that the old contrast was preserved word-initially and word-internally with some cases of simple morphological levelling. Two phonemes, /ʉ/ and /u/, need to be assumed. The current system is strongly correlated with a system documented in the oldest descriptions and could not develop secondarily from a hypothetical system which would merge */u/ and */uː/ to any extent exceeding a free variation in some forms while morphological levelling took place. It seems that the conclusions offered in the publications from the mid-20th century (refuting the existence of the contrast) had an irrational (personal and maybe national) background.
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Kobiety piszą po kaszubsku – autorki i tematy. Szkic interpretacyjny

75%
Kuik-Kalinowska A.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2017
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issue 74/2
97-110
PL
The article is dedicated to literature written by women in the Kashubian language. Notably, in Kashubian literature, recent decades have witnessed a revival in women’s writing, resulting in numerous literary works. There are several reasons for this, all determined predominantly by the cultural tradition of Kashubia. The revival in the literary world of female writers and poets most certainly results from numerous complex social and cultural processes, including the growing emancipation, the need for education and opening up to the world. Women writing in Kashubian express themselves in poetry, drama and prose. The works of women writing in Kashubian can be attributed to two stages originating in the 1980s. Among the first poets and writers were Rozalia Narloch (referred to as the “Kashubian Cinderella”), Teodora Kropidłowska, writing under the pseudonym “Deotyma” and Agnieszka Browarczyk. They were followed by the novels and plays by Anna Łajming. The most prominent female authors writing in Kashubian include Maria Boszke, Krystyna Muza, Jaromira Labuda, Ida Czaja, Hanna Makurat, Wanda Kiedrowska, Ewa Warmowska, Elżbieta Bugajna, Bożena Ugowska, Lucyna Sorn, Dorota Wilczewska and Gracjana Potrykus.
14
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Mowa – język – edukacja. Od peryferii i polityki ciszy do edukacji na pogranicza. Casus języka i edukacji kaszubskiej

75%
Kożyczkowska A.
Edukacja Międzykulturowa
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 1
151-166
EN
The presented article discusses the problem of the relation of language and education. exemplification of the text is Kashubian culture. The writer perceives language as element of the game about ethnic (cultural) identity. The author describes the changes in relation to the status (prestige) of the Kashubian language, which reflects a change in the relation to the Kashubian education. Recognition of the right to language is tantamount to recognition of the right to Kashubian education.
PL
Autorka tekstu podejmuje problematykę relacji między językiem a edukacją. Egzemplifikacją jest kultura kaszubska. Postrzega język jako element gry o tożsamość etniczną (kulturową). Ponadto opisuje proces zmiany statusu (prestiżu) języka kaszubskiego, co odzwierciedla się w podejściu do formalnej edukacji kaszubskiej. Uznanie mowy kaszubskiej jako języka przekłada się na uznanie prawa do edukacji kaszubskiej.
15
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Professor Wiesław Boryś (1939–2021)

75%
Kwoka T.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2022
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issue LXXI
16
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System samogłoskowy gwary luzińskiej

71%
Jocz L.
Polonica
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2016
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vol. 36
191-227
EN
The paper gives a phonological and acoustic description of the Luzino vowel system. The analysis showed evident phonetic changes in the last 50–60 years which are, however, not so numerous and striking as in many other Kashubian dialects. The most important of them are: heightening of stressed *[ɛ] into [ɘ̟], phonetic reduction and identification of unstressed *[ɛ] and [ə], splitting of *[ɑ̃, õ] into [VN], and disappearance of fronted allophones of /u/. The paper enabled also to describe some vowel sounds of the dialect much more precisely than it was done in the past which apply especially to *[ə] and *[ɑː]. As to the phonology, contrasts between all 9 oral phonemes established in older descriptions were retained. The original nasal vowels were, conversely, lost as phonemes and developed into sequences /Vŋ/ with various phonetic realizations of /ŋ/.
17
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Priamele, przysłowia dialogowe i welleryzmy w kaszubskich zbiorach paremiograficznych

66%
Pomierska J.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
The article presents special types of proverbs in Kashubian paremiography: priamel, proverb as a dialogue, welleryzm. These outstanding examples of the proverbial formulas are rarely recorded, usually known locally. The author found in the work of Ceynowa, Rudnicki, Lorentz, Sychta 21 priamels, 4 proverbs as a dialogue and several welleryzms. In addition to the characteristic building is significant that Kashubian priamels and welleryzms for the most part are thematically connected with relationships between man and woman.
18
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Kilka uwag o wymowie *rʲ we współczesnej gwarze Jastarni

63%
Jocz L.
Studia – konteksty pogranicza
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2018
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issue 2
73-88
PL
Opisy kaszubskiego systemu dźwiękowego z połowy 20 wieku pozwalają zakładać, że that [r̝] (*[rʲ]) jako takie nie zachowało się na kaszubskich obszarze językowym zupełnie. Okazuje się jednak, że w Jastarni niektórzy użytkownicy miejscowej gwary nadal zachowują ten dźwięk z dość wysoką częstotliwością (ok. 30% wszystkich możliwych przypadków). Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje podstawowe dane statystyczne i fonetyczne co do wymowy tej spółgłoski we współczesnym materiale oraz podejmuje próbę określenia przyczyn sprzeczności pomiędzy starszymi opisami a faktycznym stanem rzeczy.
EN
Descriptions of the Kashubian sound system from the middle of the 20th allow an assumption that [r̝] (*[rʲ]) as such is currently entirely lost in the Kashubian linguistic area. However, it turns out that in Jastarnia there are still speakers that preserve [r̝] in their pronunciation with a pretty high frequency (ca. 30% of all possible cases). The paper gives basic statistical and phonetic data on the current pronunciation of this consonant and tries to answer the question about reasons of the discrepancy between the older descriptions and the real state of affairs.
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Rozwój samogłosek nosowych w gwarze strzepskiej

63%
Jocz L.
Linguistica Copernicana
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2017
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vol. 14
EN
The paper is devoted to the development of the former nasal vowels in the Kashubian dialect of Strzepcz. Taking into consideration modern analyses of their pronunciation in other Kashubian dialects, one can assume that older descriptions are highly outdated. The paper is based on the auditory analysis of over 450 realisations of the original nasal vowels in various contexts with a support of the visual analyses of spectrograms and auxiliary acoustic measurements. There were four informants: two representing the middle generation (a man and a woman) and two (a man and a woman) from the older generation.A synchronous nasality occurred in only 1,9% of realisations (without taking account of *[ɑ̃] at the end of the word where it is denasalized without exception) and only in the case of *[õ] in the front of fricative consonants. In 3,7% of realizations a full denasalisation was observed. In 94,4% of cases occurred an asynchronous nasality with a vowel and following nasal consonant or a glide. The vocalic (syllabic) segment is in over 80% of asynchronous realisations fully denasalised. The observed situation is diametrically different from those presented in the older descriptions. From the phonological point of view on should analyse the original nasal vowels as sequences of /V/ and underlying glide /w̃/.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wymowie dawnych samogłosek nosowych w gwarze Strzepcza. Ostatnie oryginalne opracowania tego zagadnienia pochodzą sprzed kilkudziesięciu lat i w świetle współczesnych opisów innych obszarów gwarowych można było założyć ich co najmniej znaczną dezaktualizację. Podstawą opisu była audytywna analiza ponad 450 realizacji dawnych nosówek w różnych pozycjach fonetycznych, wsparta wzrokową analizą spektrogramów oraz pomocniczymi pomiarami akustycznymi. Informatorami były cztery osoby (mężczyzna i kobieta w wieku średnim oraz mężczyzna i kobieta w wieku starszym). Wymowa synchroniczna wystąpiła tylko w 1,9% przypadków (bez uwzględnienia poświadczeń wygłosowego *[ɑ̃], które ulega konsekwentnej denazalizacji), w dodatku wyłącznie przed szczelinowymi. Denazalizacja charakteryzuje 3,7% wszystkich realizacji. W 94,4% przypadków zarejestrowano jakąś formę asynchronii, czyli wymowę z wyodrębnioną spółgłoską nosową lub glajdem. W ponad 80% realizacji asynchronicznych dochodzi do całkowitego odnosowienia segmentu wokalicznego (zgłoskotwórczego). Stanowi to diametralną różnicę w stosunku do starszych opracowań. Z fonologicznego punktu widzenia należy przyjąć na miejscu dawnych samogłosek nosowych sekwencje dwufonemowe z /w̃/ jako kontynuantem nosowości.
20

Frazeologizmy i przysłowia w przekładzie bajek Iwana Kryłowa z języka rosyjskiego na kaszubszczyznę

63%
Makurat H.
Prace Językoznawcze
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2017
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issue XIX/4
93-105
EN
The article discusses the methods used to translate phrasemes and proverbs in the Kashubian translation of Ivan Krylov’s fables. The translator, Leszek Szulc, was unable to find some equivalent phrasemes and proverbs in the target language. He translated them word-for-word or described their meaning. Moreover, he also used the compensation strategy and introduced phrasemes in places in which they were absent in the original.
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