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1

THE POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING OF PREHISTORIC UNITS OF LENGTH (O mozliwosciach poznania pradziejowych jednostek miary dlugosci)

100%
Gralak T.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2009
|
vol. 57
73-97
EN
This paper is an example of making use of possibilities of measure analysis. Piskorzówek 14, district Olawa, has been the first analysed site. Some relics of a Lusatian settlement from the III EB period were discovered there. It has been noticed that the objects were situated along one line. Regularity of intervals has been observed among the objects. To reconstruct the original layout, a model has been constructed, according to which hypothetical homesteads were round in shape. The shortest distance between the objects situated along the axis organizing the settlement, which was 13 m, has been treated as the chord length. So, the reconstructed homestead was 132,665 square metres in area. If, however, the homestead is assumed to be square in shape, it could be up to 169 square metres in area. A Lusatian settlement from the Hallstatt C period from Wojkowice, site no. 15, district Wroclaw, has been the next analysed site. The reconstructed unit of measure is 78,5 cm. It has been recognized that repeated modules were used for laying out the buildings. These were a square of side lengths 4 x 4 units and a rectangle of side lengths 4 x 3 units. In the case of a settlement from the Hallstatt D period from Nowy Sleszów 4, district Wroclaw, layouts of discovered buildings have been compared with the findings from Wojkowice. The achieved results allowed to establish that the same unit of length was used in the both places. A rectangular module of side lengths 3 x 4 units and a square module of side lengths 3 x 3 units were used for laying out a building. Polwica 4, 5 and Skrzypnik 8, district Olawa, constitute the next analysed site. Several relics of pole buildings, dated to the early Roman period, have been excavated there. The reconstructed unit of measure is 71,5 cm. Repeated modules in the form of rectangular modules of side lengths 3 x 4 units and square modules of side lengths 3 x 3 units were used for laying out the buildings.
2

Varaklani - muiza un tas saimnieki gadsimtu gaita

86%
Zilgalvis J.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2013
|
vol. 16
33-36
EN
The town of Varaklani in Latgale stands out with its several significant monuments of Classicist architecture. These are the manor palace, Catholic Church and the Borch family vault. The spacious manor park is also one of the town’s highlights. The Borch family was known in the Baltics already in the 2nd half of the 15th century. Varaklani Palace construction was initiated by M. J. Borch and designed by Italian architect Vincenzo Mazotti. The Palace is an outstanding early example of Classicism in the architecture of Latvia. The building that was constructed from 1783 to 1789 has an elongated appearance - it consists of three two-storey blocks linked by single-storey blocks. The central part of the Palace is much larger than the side blocks having just one gallery axis. The middle part of the building has very protruding risalites on the park side and the centre is emphasised by an impressive four-column portico. The courtyard façade is less splendid and plastically subdued; central risalites protrude slightly and are capped by a raised part identical to the wing blocks. Peculiar porches are still visible by all three entrances; a balcony with metalwork railings is placed over the main entrance. The façades are decorated with Tuscan order pilasters; the first floor has rustication but the friezes contain inscriptions in Latin. The Palace layout is unique in Latvia. Staircases to the second floor are located on both sides of the main block. Opposite the vestibule there is a quite small premise leading towards the terrace on the park side. The single-storey connecting parts are interesting with their small, light, rubble-decked yards. The appearance of Varaklani Palace has changed over time. In Poland there are several manor palaces similar to Varaklani with regard to the architectonic and spatial solution for instance, in Kustyn (last third of the 18th century), Walewice (1783) and in Szczawin. Murals discovered in the 1990s and later testify to the artistic finish inside the Varaklani Palace.
3

Michal Jan Borch and his residence in Varklani: genesis and ideological programme

58%
Polanowska J.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2013
|
vol. 16
18-32
EN
Close to the old Riga - Rezekne road on the outskirts of the tiny town of Varaklani in Latvia’s eastern province of Latgale, is the former residence of the Belz Voivode Michal Jan Borch (1753-1811). Photographs and drawings record the state of the garden before the destruction of the war, showing its varied surface with such architectural features as arcaded bridges and the entrance gate decorated with vases. Borch was an individual of many-sided interests, known in cosmopolitan courts and among the academic circles of Europe of the Ancient Regime. He travelled to Italy via Saxony, France, Switzerland and stayed on for a longer period in Sicily and Malta. In 1791 he settled down for good in the Varaklani estate granted to his ancestors. Borch’s major achievement was to create a palace and garden complex. He employed the Italian architect Vincenzo de Mazotti who drained the marsh to prepare the land for the residence, erected the palace and collaborated on landscaping the garden. In 1790 Borch travelled to England and the English residences he became acquainted with must have had some impact on the arrangement of the Varaklani estate. This is indirectly testified to by the very title of the first version of Borch’s literary work on the Varaklani garden, ‘Jardin moral et emblematique’ which the author read to Stanislaus Augustus in the winter of 1791. The surviving and documented elements show that the described landscaped garden was partially implemented. Of all the planned pavilions, only the rotunda was built, not identified actually with either of the described temples, as well as a small pavilion with a square layout (later Jadwiga’s Chapel). Similarities can be detected with the English garden in Stowe (Buckinghamshire) and the Warsaw landscape gardens Lazienki – the Royal Baths and Arkadia near Lowicz. The landscaping in Varaklani was described as a planned route for a young nobleman with didactic and moral guidelines as well as patriotic and historiosophical messages.
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