Search results

1

Co w świetle źródeł prymarnych wiadomo o kompetencjach urzędników małopolskich z XIII wieku?

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Kała D.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2014

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issue 2(7)

156-175

EN

Owing to several reasons, the accurate defi nition of the powers applicable to individual offi ces on Polish soil in the period of feudal fragmentation is a formidable task. Firstly, a relatively poor source basis furnishes insuffi cient normative and direct information regarding the competence of the then offi cials. Insurmountable interpretative problems stem from the ambiguous Latin legal terminology. We must also take into account the transformations of the then ‘administrative’ organisation which transpired over the years: the expiry of some offi ces and the emergence of new ones, the loss of hitherto held competencies and the acquisition of other. The examined period was also marked by the existence of disparities between regions It seems reasonable to assume that throughout the period in question there existed dissimilarities, sometimes profound (notably in Silesia). From time to time, modern ideas impinge upon the perception of the conditions prevailing in the distant past, a phenomena noticeable already in the case of medieval historians, and traceable also in the work of professional historians of the nineteenth-twenty century. For historiography associated with the addressed issues typical are several generalisations, often unverifi able in sources. Furthermore, the so called imaginary, invented tradition, which actually is a relatively recent invention, has an adverse effect on historiography. It can therefore be assumed that in the Middle Ages, when making references to the deep-rooted standards was a common practise, attempts were made to provide new arrangements with a pedigree from the distant past. The main objective of this paper is to answer the question what the sources from that period actually reveal about the competence of thirteenth-century civil servants from Małopolska. It is of utmost important in this case that the source be primary, because only they can provide more or less accurate answers to the questions we ask them (ignorance, mistake or some hidden intention of the author are nevertheless always to be expected), unlike later sources (both in terms of the time of production and form), which may have already be contaminated with different amplifi cations, beclouding the truth. This also leads to the analysis of the reliability of the existing historiographical views on the competence of the thirteenth-century civil servants. The author conducts the analysis of source and historiographical information concerning the competence and the importance of the following offi ces occurring in the area of Małopolska in the thirteenth century: chorąży (the standard-bearer), cześnik (the cup-bearer), łowczy (the master of the hunt), miecznik (the sword-bearer), mincerz (the mint master), kanclerz (the chancellor), kasztelan (the castellan), konarski (equerry), podczaszy (the deputy cup-bearer), podkanclerzy (the vice-chancellor), chamberlain (podkomorzy), podkoni (the deputy equerry), podłowczy (the deputy master of the hunt), podsędek (the deputy district judge), podskarbi (the grand treasurer), podstoli (the deputy pantler), sędzia (judge), skarbnik (treasurer), stolnik (the pantler), starosta (the governor), wojewoda (the voivode) and wojski (offi cer responsible for security of districts during war). In the paper the author will merely outline a problem, signifi cant for the Polish medieval studies. Conclusive answers to all doubtful issues are impossible to be provided as of yet, since in the case of some offi ces we may merely confi rm their existence.

2

MtDNA analysis of early-medieval human remains from the cemetery in Grodowice (PL)

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Kubica-Grygiel A., Csáky V., Mende B. G.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2019

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vol. 67

291-306

EN

The genetic composition of the medieval populations of Central Europe, Poland in particular, has been poorly investigated to date. Although a few DNA datasets from Poland have been published recently, no large-scale ancient DNA study on medieval populations has hitherto been reported. This paper reports the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and presents the first population-level human DNA study from Lesser Poland by establishing mitochondrial DNA profiles for 13 samples from the Grodowice cemetery dated to the Medieval Period (11th to mid-13th century). The medieval sequences encompass almost the entire range of Western Eurasian macro-haplogroups: H, J, U. Interestingly, there is one sample which belongs to the Asian haplogroup G. aDNA sequences were compared with a dataset of 35,203 present-day sequences of the HVR I region of mtDNA including European, Near Eastern, and Asian populations, as well as 775 ancient sequences. Analyses of population genetics were performed, including genetic distances (FST), multidimensional scaling (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA) and shared haplotype analysis (SHA). The shared haplotype analysis (SHA) showed that the medieval population from Grodowice shares the majority of haplotypes with the medieval populations from the contact-zones of today’s Slovakia and Croatia (53.85%) as well as with Hungarian conquerors (46.15%).

3

Późnośredniowieczne zabytki z Krakowa Rakowic

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Liwoch R.

Materiały Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. 38

107-126

EN

In 1928, in the area of the village of Rakowice near Krakow (nowadays a quarter of Krakow) a set (?) of iron objects and ceramic fragment was found. Artefacts date back to the period from approximately the mid-14th to the beginning of the 15th century. Taking into account the mention of human and horse remains found with them, the explanation that they were relics of an unfortunate accident – an armed rider drowning in the river - seems fairly plausible.

4

Nowe wyniki pomiaru wieku dla materiałów kultury badeńskiej w późnym neolicie Małopolski

100%

Zastawny A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2015

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vol. 63

87-123

EN

The complicated cultural situation characterizing the period of settlement and influences of the Baden circle in central Europe results from multiple reasons. Lesser Poland is one of these regions where this complexity is particularly noticeable and reveals one of crucial indicants of the Baden complex in Europe, i.e. the advanced regionalism of processes of the Badenization. The absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland has not been the subject of any detailed research up to now. Chronological studies into other Late Neolithic cultures, observed in Poland in recent years, mostly into the Corded Ware culture and Funnel Beaker culture, proved how important and standard research instrument the radiocarbon dating is. Against this background, a tremendous deficit in sources of such a type for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland became more noticeable (state for 2011: 12 radiocarbon dates deriving from barely four sites). There was a great need for planned radiocarbon analyses which results could compensate deficiencies in source data and give new possibilities of comparative research in the area of Poland and outside its borders. The accomplishment of this aim was undertaken within a separate research project financed by the National Science Centre Poland (number of project N N109 181940). 20 samples selected from 12 sites of the Baden culture were subjected to analyses of age measurement in the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory. Positive results of these analyses were obtained in case of 14 samples: 12 from Lesser Poland and 2 from Slovakia . This series of new markings doubled the number of radiocarbon dates for the settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. In combination with radiocarbon markings published up to then, it gave a great opportunity to determine chronological frameworks of the Baden culture settlement in the area of Lesser Poland and – in a consequence – to specify the schema of its periodization and development. Altogether with measurements published until then, we have currently 22 radiocarbon dates. They enable verification and confirmation of former assumptions, mainly with reference to conceptions on a short period of existence of the discussed culture in the upper Vistula river basin. Chronological compactness of the Baden culture goes hand in hand with its territorial compactness and uncomplicated development, despite noticeable stylistic diversification of materials and taxonomic differences (existence of two territorial groups: Zesławice-Pleszów and Mogiła). All mentioned characteristics may weigh in favour for the Baden culture appearance in Lesser Poland as a result of an influx of population from the Danube river basin. Analysing data on absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland results we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The current source basis for the research on absolute chronology of the Baden Culture in Lesser Poland is composed of 22 radiocarbon dates for 12 sites (21 settlement pits and 1 grave). 2. Radiocarbon dates indicate a relatively short period of existence of the Baden Culture settlement in Lesser Poland (150-250 years), i.e. 4445-4300 BP (3124-2870 BC OxCal. 68,2%, taking into account the highest probability of dating). 3. 5 earliest radiocarbon dates from period 4445-4420 BP deriving from 3 settlements (Kraków Pleszów 17, Kraków Mogiła 55, Kraków Zesławice 21) indicate the oldest stage of the Baden culture settlement in the upper Vistula river basin and territorial centre of its development. 4. Such dating confirms the hypothesis on temporal convergence of materials of the Baden culture (Zastawny 1999, 15-17; 2000, 34-41) that were formerly counted among two different chronologic phases - so-called: medium and late (according to a schema worked out in 1980’). 5. The plausibility of correctness of these dates is enhanced by achieving similar results for: – samples dated in different laboratories: Groningen, Utrecht and Poznań, – samples selected out of various categories of materials such as: animal bones, human bones and burnt wood, – samples collected during excavations of various types conducted between years 1926 (Modlnica, site 1) and 2007 (Kraków Bieżanów, site 8), – samples deriving from sites representing all types of settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. 6. The chronological compactness of the Baden settlement corresponds to its territorial compactness what argues for a theory that the Baden culture came into existence in Lesser Poland not as the result of some local genesis but in consequence of migrations of population from behind the Carpathian mountains. 7. Achieved results of the radiocarbon dating emphasize more the existence of two currents of influences of the Baden Complex in Lesser Poland – i.e.: cultural influences (Boleráz, Bošáca) and the proper settlement (the Baden culture in its classic period). Furthermore, several new radiocarbon measurements obtained due to the National Science Centre in Poland are noteworthy: 1. The first in Lesser Poland date for a burial of the Baden culture – from site 21 in Kraków Zesławice /grave 217/: 4310±40 BP (Plate 8), 2. The first age measurements for settlements from the area of Kraków Jura and its direct vicinity (site 1 in Modlnica, site II in Kraków Witkowice) forming flint raw material base for population of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (4415±35 BP; 4405±35 BP; 4330±35 BP), 3. The first dates for sites located in saliferous areas of the Wieliczka Foothills – site 2 in Gdów (4340±35 BP) and site 8 in Kraków Bieżanów (4390±35 BP), 4. Age measurement for two sites from the settlement in Kraków Mogiła 55 (4435±35, 4430±35 BP) – an eponymous site for the Mogiła group of the Baden culture; until now this site has not been dated with use of radiocarbon method, 5. Two dates received for comparative purposes from a fortified settlement at site Prešov-Solivar in eastern Slovakia. Both dates (4550±35, 4410±35 BP) are the first radiocarbon measurements for the Baden culture in this region and indicate earlier chronology of a cluster of the Baden culture in eastern Slovakia. It matches conjectures about a leading role of Slovakian part of the Tisza river basin in genesis of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin based formerly only on similarities within ceramic assemblages.

5

Szkielet konia w obiekcie kultury trzcinieckiej na stanowiska 17 w Smrokowie, gm. Słomniki

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Górski J., Włodarczak P.

Materiały Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. 38

47-72

EN

During rescue excavations on the multi-cultural site no 17 in Smrokow (Krakow region) a pit no 13 was found, dating back to the times of the Trzciniec culture. At its bottom a well preserved skeleton of a horse in anatomical position was discovered, which made it a unique find. A larger number of the TC ceramics in the central part of the fill-in correlates with accumulations of animal bones and lime stones. The above mentioned vase found in an uncertain stratygraphic context represents index form for the early period of the classical TC phase in the Krakow region. They are most characteristic for the post-classical phase of the Trzciniec culture (phase C of the Bronze epoch). The TC finds of similar character are concentrated in Lesser Poland, particularly in the Krakow region. Single finds have also been discovered in Ukraine. Among animal bones horse remains are most frequently encountered. Considering small percentage of horse bones in sedimentary remains, it could indicate a special role of this animal in rituals of the TC communities.

6

Grzywna siekierowata z Modlnicy

100%

Liwoch R.

Materiały Archeologiczne

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2013

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vol. 39

149-154

EN

The axe-like iron bar forged from iron has a form of an elongated axe with a low blade and a wedge fitted with a short lug and small ears. Artefacts similar to the presented one have been found only in few sites to the north and more numerous sites to the south of the Carpathians. The axe-like iron bar from Modlnica represents the Lesser Poland (Vistulan) type. It can be dated, merely on the basis of analogies, to the 9th c.

7

Węgrzy w Małopolsce w X-XII wieku w świetle źródeł toponomastycznych i archeologicznych

100%

Florek M.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2023

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issue 64

169-196

EN

This article deals with the interpretation of toponyms and archaeological materials from early medieval Lesser Poland that may be associated with the Hungarians or the Khazar Kabars. So far, they have most often been interpreted as traces of invasions by Hungarians – nomads (single monuments) or the operations of watchtowers they established to control the passes through the Carpathians and subjugated the local Slavic population (the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl) in the late 9th and1st half of the 10th century. It could have been related to their participation in the armed squads of the Piasts or the Rurikiviks, the activities of Hungarian merchants or prisoner-of-war settlements. The dating and interpreting the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl remains an open issue until it is fully developed and the results published.

8

Osadnictwo kultury mierzanowickiej na stanowisku 2 w Zagórzu, pow. wielicki, woj. małopolskie

100%

Jarosz P.

Raport

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2017

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vol. 12

25-32

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the Mierzanowice Culture settlement at the multicultural site 2 in Zagórze. A sepulchral feature with grave goods was discovered there (no. 3122), as well as 20 pottery fragments found in secondary context (in features, cultural layers and natural layers). The sepulchral feature did not contain a skeleton, and the grave goods included a fragment of a copper object and two flint arrowheads found in the central part of the pit. Although the grave cannot be dated precisely on the basis of the grave goods, loose pottery fragments discovered at the site are chronologically attributable to the classical and the late phase of the Mierzanowice culture.

9

Analizy zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych z obiektów kultury trzcinieckiej, zbadanych na stan. 17 w Smrokowie, gm. Słomniki, pow. krakowski

100%

Makowicz-Poliszot D.

Materiały Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. 38

73-96

EN

Analysed set of bones cones from two objects (no 11 and 13), excavated on a multi-cultural site in Smrokow, site 17, Kraków County. Materials discovered there can be dated to the II period of the Bronze Epoch, and are associated with the development of the Trzciniec Culture in the loess areas of the Lesser Poland Upland. Animal bone relics from Smrokow were subject to zoological analyses, which consisted of species and anatomical identification, quantitative assessment (bones and specimens), measurements of bones and estimating age, gender and size of animals, as well as observation of traces, patological changes and anomalies in bones. High proportion of domestic mammals bones in the material from Smrokow can indicate the main role played by animal husbandry in providing meat for food. It represents a low horse of the tarpan type, its built resembling that of medium-thick-legged and thick-legged horses.

10

Polityka Bolesława V wobec klasztorów w aspekcie procesów modernizacji księstwa krakowsko-sandomierskiego II połowy XIII wieku

100%

Gryguć P.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2014

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issue 2(7)

176-198

EN

This paper is an attempt to characterise the policy of the Duke of Kraków– Sandomierz Bolesław V towards the monasteries functioning in his realm. The author will discuss only those conventions, which helped the duke implement his economic policy, notably Benedictine, Cistercian, or Norbertine orders. Excluded are orders related to the new beggar movement, the only exception being the Zawochost-Skała Order of Saint Clare. The aim is to show the role of by the monasteries in the modernisation of the Kraków–Sandomierz state, since in the second half of the thirteenth century Małopolska attempted to catch up economic gap separating it from its neighbours. Duke Boleslaw was aware of the enormity of the challenges that awaited him at the beginning of his reign. The thirteenth century saw a great confl ict between the secular and spiritual power. One look at the situation in other districts – Wielkopolska, Mazovia and Silesia is enough to notice the signifi cant role of the aspirations of the clergy in the internal politics of those principalities. A young ruler from Kraków was cognisant of the ample opportunities that the collaboration with the Church could bring. With a view to achieving his economic objectives, he nevertheless decided on the cooperation with religious orders. It was an understandable move, given that monasteries had proper fi nancial background, as well as a network of contacts necessary for the modernisation of the Duchy of Kraków–Sandomierz. Furthermore, the role of monasteries in the process of colonisation and the acquisition of new settlers, as well as specialists in the fi eld of mining, cannot be overestimated. Bolesław V was aware of the role of the development of rural settlement and its interrelateion with urbanisation in the increase of the well-being of the entire state. Patterns from Silesia, Bohemia and Hungary indicated the monarch how he could enhance economic development of his land, and strengthen his own power. Such transformations nonetheless required considerable fi nancial outlay. Since princely treasure, ruined by invasion, was unable to provide adequate investment for modernization, the monarch supported the colonisation run by religious orders. In order to facilitate their economic development, legal and economic immunities were bestowed upon them. The duke supported also the assemblage of land. Immunisation was benefi cial not only for monks but also the ruler: the duke deprived the administrative apparatus of their judiciary prerogatives and took over part of its mandate and income. At the same time, the elimination of obsolete laws of princely duties provided the monasteries with the possibility of conducting an extensive colonisation action based on given freedoms, which resulted in the dissemination of novel economic solutions brought from the west by the monasteries. This knowledge included a comprehensive program of reconstruction of the domain in order to increase revenue. It is worthy of note that the Cistercians became the ruler’s chef specialists in the search for salt and other natural resources. The monks from Wąchock provided not only professional help in the search for salt, but also repair of salt brewing equipment. Owing to the development of this industry, salt mines of Wieliczka and Bochnia began to yield enormous revenues, which replenished princely treasure following the expropriation reform of Bolesław V. The major role of religious orders in the modernisation of the Duchy of Kraków–Sandomierz is therefore evident. Backed by regal authority and under the duke’s care, they were able to fully exploit their economic potential for the colonisation and urbanisation of Małopolska. Their cooperation with the monarch brought them immunities essential for the development of their possessions. Benefi cial to both parties, this police signifi cantly contributed to the changes in social relations in the state of Bolesław V. Patterns of economic restructuration imported by the monasteries became a model employed, albeit with some delay, also by the nobility.

11

Badania wielkich grodów zachodniomałopolskich przeprowadzone przez małopolskich archeologów Instytutu Historii Ku ltu ry Materialnej PAN : próba podsumowania oraz obecne perspektywy

100%

Szmoniewski B. S., Włodarczak P.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2017

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vol. 65

169-189

EN

In this paper, the authors present and discuss three early medieval hillforts: Stradów, Demblin and Szczaworyż, excavated by the former Zakład Archeologii Małopolski IHKM in the 1950’s and 1960’s in Lesser Poland. This research was conducted in order to identify and interpret their role in the formation of the Polish state, but was not a part of the Polish Millennium Project. Demblin and Stradów, as well as Szczaworyż, are often considered so-called “Great Hillforts” or “Vistulan Hillforts”, after the tribe of the same name. Stradów is the most representative and according to new data, it is one of Poland’s greatest fortified sites, covering approximately 50 ha. This paper briefly presents the history of the archaeological research, the main publications of the past and present, and future research directions on this topic. The authors conclude that the Great Hillforts from the western part of the Małopolska Upland are very important for understanding the complicated historical situation of Early Medieval Lesser Poland. Finally, a new archaeological research program is also discussed.

12

Materials of Hungarian provenience from the turn of the 11th century from Lipnik, Opatów district, Świętokrzyskie Province. Contribution to the study on foreign settlement in Early Medieval Lesser Poland

88%

Florek M.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2017

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vol. LII

13

Analiza mineralogiczno-petrograficzna i technologiczna fragmentów naczyń ceramicznych kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej ze stanowiska Zagórze 2, gm. Niepołomice

88%

Rauba-Bukowska A.

Raport

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2016

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vol. 11

7-22

EN

This study presents the results of examinations of 21 fragments of ceramic vessels from Zagórze site 2, Niepołomice commune. These vessels date back to the older, Zofipole phase of the Linear Band Pottery Culture. Results of the analyses indicated that most vessels were made of a local alluvial raw material. Some vessels were made of a different raw material which demonstrates a lot of features convergent with vessels found in Mogiła (Cracow) and Modlniczka, Wielka Wieś commune. Technologically, all examined vessels do not divert from previously established basic types of ceramic mass. Interdependences between the types of ceramic mass and morphology, and the function of vessels observed in the classic phase of the Linear Band Pottery Culture have not been confirmed in the studied assemblage of vessels.

14

Rodzina jako problem, rodzina jako rozwiązanie

88%

Miś L., Dąbrowska B.

Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej

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2014

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vol. 19

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issue 4

123-132

EN

Family as a problem, family as a solutionSurveys show a high degree of satisfaction with marital relationship and relationship between parents and children in Polish families. Family is invariably located on the top of the hierarchy of values for the Poles. They assess family policy of the state at less than a sufficient grade. The authors analyze social work with foster families in Myślenice and support for social workers working with families in Krakow. They are new forms of direct or indirect support for problem families. The assistance is now possible thanks to new laws on foster care and supervision for social workers.

15

Osadnictwo kultury łużyckiej na stanowisku 2 w Zagórzu, gm. Niepołomice, pow. wielicki

88%

Górski J.

Raport

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2017

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vol. 12

33-64

EN

Multicultural site 2 in Zagórze, Wieliczka District, Małopolskie Voivodeship (AZP 104-59/2) is situated about 25 km east of Cracow, in the Wieliczka Foothills (Fig. 1). The paper characterizes and interprets archaeological settlement sources of the Lusatian culture. 93 various sunken features and about 8500 fragments of vessels have been unearthed. In stylistic and formal terms, a vast majority of pottery represents the oldest development phase of the Lusatian culture in Cracow region, described as the Iwanowice-Wysyłek phase and dated to phase D of the Bronze Age and phase A1 of the Hallstatt period. Features associated with later periods are scarce. The pottery is very typical – it contains all characteristic elements shared by Cracovian enclave of the Lusatian culture and its Silesian counterpart, with few analogies in the Transcarpathian zone. In the light of chronological data, mapping of the features containing vessels decorated with bosses helps to delineate the first functional zone of the settlement (Fig. 30), with 6-8 simultaneously functioning homesteads. Possibly, 8 homesteads have continued to be used (Fig. 31). A few of them were still in use at the beginning of period IV of the Bronze Age (Ha A2).

16

Analiza proporcji stabilnych izotopów tlenu (18O/16O) w kościach przedstawicieli ludności kultury ceramiki sznurowej z Malżyc – badania pilotażowe

88%

Włodarczak P., Szczepanek A., Stepańczak B., Jarosz P., Szostek K.

Archeologia Polski

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2011

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vol. 56

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issue 1-2

47-64

EN

The results of archaeological research with an analysis of the ratio of stable oxygen isotopes 18O and 16O in human bones from the Corded Ware Culture were confronted. Radiocarbon dating of graves to approximately 2500–2400 B.C. reveals that the cemetery is chronologically homogeneous and represents a classic stage in the development of this culture. Pottery from graves nos 10–12 demonstrates characteristics linking Malżyce finds with the grave assemblages from the region of Kraków. Samples for lab analysis were selected in view of their localization, approximately same dating and differentiated age at death of the individuals. A reconstruction of parameters of the natural environment in the Sub-Boreal period was carried out based on an analysis of two animal bone samples from the Neolithic settlement site in Zawarża, district Pińczów, approximately 4 km northwest of the site in Malżyce. Analysis for diagenetic change of apatite excluded two not homogeneous samples. Based on the results of analysis it could be determined that the 40–45 year old man buried in grave 10 changed his environment during his lifetime. From the age of 5–8 to about 15 he lived in the area where his bones were found, then led a mobile life in an environment characterized by a different isotope composition. In the end, he returned to be buried in his native land. The child aged 1–1.5 years from grave 11 seems to have been breastfed, influencing significantly the results. Assuming his mother did not come from the studied region, the data suggests a non-local origin for this individual. Definite determination of the origins of this child and whether it was indeed breastfed will be possible only after a comparative analyses of isotopes of nitrogen, carbon and strontium in the same samples are made. Samples from the 11–12-year-old individual in grave 12 demonstrated similar ratios of oxygen isotopes, indicating that the individual did not leave the environment in which he had grown up, using continuously the same natural sources; no changes of lifestyle could be discerned.

17

Aktywizacja mieszkańców małych miast i obszarów wiejskich Małopolski poprzez lokalne organizacje społeczne

75%

Kuchta E.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2016

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vol. 279

132-140

PL

Odpowiednio ukierunkowany styl zarządzania wprowadzony do lokalnych organizacji społecznych może mieć bardzo korzystny wpływ na rozwój całego regionu. Aktywni obywatele budują kapitał społeczny, stanowiący zbiór (często nieformalnych) norm, wartości i sieci wzajemnych zależności umożliwiających bardziej efektywne wspólne działanie. Celem artykułu jest ocena funkcjonowania lokalnych organizacji społecznych oraz ich wpływu na aktywizację mieszkańców małych miast i obszarów wiejskich Małopolski. Aktywizację rozumianą jako działanie na rzecz wspólnoty lokalnej motywowane chęcią rozwoju regionu. Ocena została dokonana na podstawie wyników pilotażowego badania ankietowego przeprowadzonego wśród 140 mieszkańców małych miast i obszarów wiejskich Małopolski. Artykuł powstał także na podstawie przeglądu literatury dotyczącej rozwoju regionalnego.

EN

Targeted style of management implemented in local social organizations can have a very beneficial effect on the development of the entire region. Active citizens are building social capital, which is a set of (often informal) norms, values and mutual’s network depending enabling more effective joint action. The aim of this article is to assess the functioning of local social organizations and their impact on the activation of small towns and rural areas of Lesser Poland. Activation understood as promoting local community motivated by the desire to develop the region. Assessment is based on the results of a pilot survey conducted among 140 residents of small towns and rural areas of Lesser Poland. Article is also based on a review of the literature concerning regional development.

18

Eneolithic copper jewellery from grave 7 of the Lublin-Volhynian culture at site 2 in Książnice, Świętokrzyskie Province, Poland. Typological and physical metallurgy characteristic

75%

Wilk S., Garbacz-Klempka A.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2016

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vol. 8

29-46

EN

This article presents a typological and physical metallurgy analysis of copper artifacts found in child grave (no 7) at the Lublin-Volhynian culture cemetery in Książnice (Lesser Poland). The burial, dating to approx. 4050–3940 BC, contains a rich set of copper jewellery: a massive earring, small earring, bracelet - made of copper wire, and two beads made of a rolled piece of metal sheet. As part of metallographic analysis of metal finds from grave 7, site 2 in Książnice, quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted, regarding chemistry and microstructure of all the five artifacts. In the artifacts tested, there were identified the elements significant from the perspective of raw material origin and smelting technology: arsenic, antimony, silver, tin, zinc, lead, bismuth, cobalt, nickel and iron. The highest total content of impurities was noted for the bracelet. Against the background of other elements, the arsenic content stands out here and it is 2.1%, and lead 0.26%. For the remaining artifacts, the arsenic content was 0÷0,24%, and lead 0÷0,039%. Antimony (0.098%) and zinc (0.15%) was only recorded for the one of the bead. Also, the highest content of silver (0.05%) was established in this case. In the remaining ornaments, the silver content was below 0.02%. Based on the X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy results, chemical profiles were established for the individual, and they were ascribed to raw material groups according to R. Krause: 1) pure copper, 2) arsenic copper and 3) antimony copper (Krause 2003: 90–91, Abb. 40–41). The presented inventory of copper artifacts from grave 7, having many analogies in the Carpathian Basin and the areas to the north and east of the Carpathians, confirms the thesis about wide, trans-Carpathian contacts of the group which was using the necropolis in Książnice at the turn of 5th and 4th millennium BC.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje typologiczną i metaloznawczą analizę zabytków miedzianych znalezionych w grobie dziecięcym (nr 7) na cmentarzysku kultury lubelsko-wołyńskiej w Książnicach (Małopolska). Pochówek, datowany na przełom V i IV tysiąclecia BC (4050–3940 BC), zawierał bogaty zestaw biżuterii miedzianej, na który składały się: duża, masywna zausznica, mała zausznica i bransoleta – wykonane z drutu, oraz dwa paciorki ze zwiniętej blachy miedzianej. W ramach badań metaloznawczych, przeprowadzono ilościowe i jakościowe, analizy chemiczne i mikrostrukturalne wszystkich pięciu zabytków. W badanych zabytkach zidentyfikowano pierwiastki, istotne z punktu widzenia pochodzenia surowca i technologii wytopu. Należą do nich: arsen, antymon, srebro, cyna, cynk, ołów, bizmut, kobalt, nikiel i żelazo. Sumarycznie największą zawartość zanieczyszczeń zarejestrowano dla bransolety. Na tle innych pierwiastków wyróżnia się tu arsen, który wynosi 2,1% i ołów 0,26%. Dla pozostałych zabytków stężenie arsenu wynosiło 0÷0,24%, a ołowiu 0÷0,039%. Antymon (0,098%) i cynę (0,15%) zarejestrowano jedynie dla jednego z paciorków. W tym przypadku wykazano również najwyższą zawartość srebra (0,05%). W pozostałych ozdobach stężenie srebra wynosiło poniżej 0,02%. Na podstawie wyników analizy spektroskopii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej dokonano ustalenia profili chemicznych analizowanych zabytków oraz zaklasyfikowano je do grup surowcowych wg R. Krause: (1) miedzi czystej, (2) miedzi arsenowej oraz (3) miedzi antymonowej (Krause 2003: 90 – 91, ryc. 40 – 41). Zaprezentowany inwentarz zabytków miedzianych z grobu 7, mający liczne analogie w Kotlinie Karpackiej i na terenach położonych na północ i wschód od łuku Karpat, potwierdza tezę o szerokich transkarpackich kontaktach grupy użytkującej nekropolę w Książnicach na przełomie V i IV tysiąclecia BC.

19

Nawiązania czy pożyczki na pograniczu polsko-wschodniosłowiańskim? Cz. II

75%

Rembiszewska D. K., Siatkowski J.

Rocznik Slawistyczny

|

2017

|

vol. 66

27-64

PL

Rozróżnienie dawnych nawiązań i zapożyczeń na pograniczu polsko-wschodniosłowiańskim nie zawsze jest łatwe. Przedstawiony materiał przedstawia się bardzo różnorodnie. W odniesieniu do pewnych wyrazów można stwierdzić bezspornie pożyczkę wschodniosłowiańską (np. koromysło, koleśnik ‘kołodziej’, korowaj) oraz wskazać źródło zapożyczenia (np. odliga, otliga ‘odwilż’), a w przypadku innych trudno ustalić bezpośrednie źródło zapożyczenia (np. oładki ‘placki’). Wśród wyrazów notowanych na pograniczu wschodniosłowiańskich znajdziemy takie (np. plośna ‘stopa’), których zasięg w gwarach polskich wydaje się wskazywać na możliwość wpływu ruskiego, jednakże ich polska postać fonetyczna przemawia raczej za rodzimością i należy tu przyjąć dawne nawiązanie. Mamy także do czynienia z wyrazami ogólnosłowiańskimi, gdzie powstaje wątpliwość, czy w języku polskim jest to zapożyczenie, czy w grę wchodzi dawne nawiązanie obejmujące wschodnią Słowiańszczyznę i wschodnią Polskę – tak jak w przypadku mielnika ‘młynarza’. Inny przykład funkcjonowania wyrazów na pograniczu stanowią pożyczki wschodniosłowiańskie, które uległy polonizacji fonetycznej (np. ciełuszka, całuszka ‘kromka chleba odkrojona z początku lub z końca bochenka’).

20

The Structure of Physical Activity in Seniors from Lesser Poland

75%

Dąbrowski A., Zdebska-Biziewska H., Kowalska J. E., Rowiński R., Makarczuk A.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2016

|

vol. 16

|

issue 2

60-66

EN

Background. Physical activity is seen as one of the more important factors of human health. Many authors have highlighted benefits of physical activity for the elderly, claiming that it: slows down the progression of processes related to involution and modern-age diseases, promotes social activity, is a pleasurable way of spending one’s spare time among other people, which makes it a perfect antidote to loneliness. Problem and Aim. This paper aims is at analysing the structure of physical activity in seniors living in Lesser Poland. Method. The research was conducted within the scope of the PolSenior nationwide programme, financed in the form of a grant by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (ref. no. PBZ-MEIN- 9/2/2006). Results and Conclusions. As people age, the percentage of those who spend their spare time actively decreases. The most frequent reason why the researched seniors from Lesser Poland take up physical activity is the willingness to improve and preserve health, as well as the need for rest. Quite surprisingly, the least important of factors that determine physical activity in seniors are doctors’ recommendations, which may prove that the medical environment tends to underestimate this type of activity.

PL

Tło problemowe. Na początku XXI wieku 10% ludności na świecie miało 60 i więcej lat. Zakłada się, że do 2050 r. w tym wieku będzie co piąta osoba. W Polsce sytuacja demograficzna jest zbliżona do pozostałych państw w Europie. Obserwując dane demograficzne można liczyć się z tym, iż liczba osób starszych z roku na roku będzie rosła. Aktywność ruchowa jest postrzegana jako jeden z ważniejszych czynników zdrowia człowieka. Wielu autorów podkreśla korzyści płynące z aktywności ruchowej osób starszych, między innymi: przeciwdziała postępującym procesom inwolucji, chorobom cywilizacyjnym, sprzyja aktywności społecznej, jest przyjemnym sposobem spędzania czasu wolnego w gronie innych osób, stanowiąc skuteczne antidotum na samotność. Problem i cel badań. Celem przedstawionych badań była analiza aktywności ruchowej osób starszych z województwa małopolskiego z uwzględnieniem: trzech grup wiekowych: 65 – 74, 75 – 84 i powyżej 85 lat, płci, wielkości miejsca zamieszkania (do 20 tys. i powyżej 20 tys.) oraz statusu społeczno–zawodowego (pracownicy fizyczni i niepracujący fizycznie). Materiał i metoda. Badania zostały wykonane w ramach ogólnopolskiego programu PolSenior, sfinansowanego jako grant przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (nr PBZ- MEIN-9/2/2006) w latach 2007-2010. Dobór badanych miał charakter losowy, trzystopniowy. Wyniki zostały przedstawione w postaci wartości odsetkowych i dotyczyły form podejmowanej aktywności fizycznej, najczęstszych przyczyn oraz barier jej podejmowania. Wyniki. Badani seniorzy wśród najczęściej podejmowanych rodzajów aktywności ruchowej wymieniali krótkie spacery w pobliżu miejsca zamieszkania. Wykazywali także duże zainteresowanie pracą w ogrodzie lub na działce. Stosunkowo niewielki odsetek badanych (około 18% ogółu mężczyzn i kobiet) jako przyczynę podejmowania aktywności ruchowej podało rozrywkę w czasie wolnym. Wśród barier ograniczających podejmowanie aktywności fizycznej przez seniorów dominowały przeciwwskazania zdrowotne. Drugą barierę stanowiły względy psychiczne – brak odczuwania potrzeby ruchu. Wraz z wiekiem zmniejsza się odsetek osób spędzających czas wolny w sposób aktywny. Większe zainteresowanie aktywnym spędzaniem czasu wolnego zaobserwowano wśród mężczyzn, co potwierdza potrzebę działań na rzecz aktywizacji żeńskiej części populacji. Najbardziej znaczącym czynnikiem determinującym aktywność fizyczną była chęć poprawy lub zachowania zdrowia, a najmniej – zalecenia lekarskie. Wnioski. Należałoby zwrócić większą uwagę środowiskom medycznym na profilaktykę i ogromne znaczenie w niej aktywności ruchowej. Wraz z wiekiem zwiększa się ryzyko utraty zdrowia – wzrasta zachorowalność na różne, często przewlekłe choroby. Świadomość tego faktu powoduje, że osoby w wieku starszym, bardziej niż młodzi ludzie, cenią zdrowie i starają się wpływać na jego stan w sposób aktywny. Z punktu widzenia psychicznego rozwoju jednostki ważne są takie czynniki, jak: poczucie własnej efektywności, kompetencje w przedmiocie aktywności fizycznej, motywacje do aktywnego trybu życia oraz satysfakcję z uczestnictwa w różnych formach aktywności ruchowej. Z czynników natury środowiskowej bardzo dużą rolę przypisuje się rodzinie i nawykom wyniesionym z młodości. Zdrowie stanowi w sensie jednostkowym i społecznym jedną z nadrzędnych wartości (przynajmniej w sferze deklaracji). Tymczasem nie mniej istotne (szczególnie w sferze motywacji) stają się wartości autoteliczne, wykraczające znacznie poza sferę troski o zdrowie. Równie ważne są kwestie związane z odczuwaniem przyjemności, pasji oraz radości, jaką niosą ruch i aktywny wypoczynek. To sprawia, że wysiłek fizyczny jest dla tych osób wartością samą w sobie.

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